Term
Why were the Mormons compelled to move west? What cultural and
landscape traits did they take with them from their eastern homes? |
|
Definition
The Mormons were compelled to move west because The areas to the west were mostly unsettled and free of those who opposed their polygamy. They moved from upstate NY to Ohio. Then Joseph Smith had a revelation to go to Independence, MO but conflict w/ southerners living there. LDS wanted to be close to the Native Americans because they believed they were the lost tribe of Israel. After Joseph Smith dies, Brigham Young wants to move to Mexico (W + S of Arkansas marker) but they stop at the great basin “this is the place…”
They brought the beliefs of Joseph Smith who was their prophet. Istyle houses, village agriculture. |
|
|
Term
How does their move, the environment, and subsequent landscape provide
an excellent geographic case study of American culture, landscape, and
environmental possiblism? |
|
Definition
| Only place in plains that were settled before the civil war. Very different climate from what they were used to so the had to adapt to the landscape. Unique section of American culture. Enviornmental possibilism because the people shaped the landscape to suit their needs not the other way around. |
|
|
Term
| In what ways did the Mormons adapt to the Intermontane environment? |
|
Definition
The Mormons adapted to the intermontane evniornment and were Self-sufficient
because they developed a good Irrigation system, had Good soils from rivers (mountain streams going into Great Salt lake from nearby Wasatch range), the rain increases higher and to the East in the Wasatch Mountains. |
|
|
Term
What was Deseret? Where does the word come from and what does it mean?
To what outposts was it proposed to extend to? How did the United States
respond to this request for territory by the Mormons? What was the Mormons’
tactic for colonizing and peopli |
|
Definition
Deseret means beehive, mormons see themselves as having characteristics as bee (hardworking), also name of state proposed to US said it would extend from sierra navada to rockies. Huge land that they wanted to be state and US said No we will make it a territory and every year they took more land away. Congress names the territory Utes which was very insulting to the Mormons. Territory chipped away over time to what is now Utah. From 1857-1858 there was the “Utah War” where Us sent troops to Utah to keep them from seceding the Union. Quarreling but nothing major. Brigham calls most Mormons in to salt lake city during “Utah war”. Contiguous expansion and core-domain-periphery development
They still grew and established themselves on the periphery and grew inwards with population.
- Expanding from salt lake city out to: four outposts: boise, Idaho; fort bridger, WY; San bernandino, CA; lake tahoe |
|
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Term
| What was “Dixie” in Utah and what was it’s significance? |
|
Definition
| Agricultural area of SW (St. George) Utah- longer growing season/ still dry but could grow more crops b/c it was warmer. Important agricultural core. |
|
|
Term
Who were the leaders of the Mormons during their early years and what stops
and decisions did they make on their way from New England to Zion? |
|
Definition
| LDS was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. Smith lived in upstate NY during the Great awakening (religious fervor). In 1825 he has a vision and finds tablets (the book of Mormon) which was part of the bible. He was led by angels. Believed there was a group called laminates (lost tribe of Israel) and they believed American Indians were these lost tribes. He leads the Mormons from from upstate NY to Ohio. Then he has a revelation of them moving to Indpendence, MO but when they get there they are badly persecuted. After Smith is killed there are several split off groups, however, Brigham Young is elected the new leader. |
|
|
Term
What are the characteristics of the Mormon Impress in Utah? How is it a good
model for living in the West? |
|
Definition
| The Mormon impresses in utah include, settling in villages (agricultural), spacious grid (very large), wide streets (b/c they started with the horse and buggy), I-style houses from Midwest are built up first and then to the side. Churches- Ward > stake centers > temples (Ward- very simple community center; main temple- very ornate/ gothic elements), beehive is a very important symbol, unpainted barns b/c it is so dry they don't need paint, street naming, brick and stone houses. It was a very good model for living in the dry west because they learned how to irrigate. |
|
|
Term
What is the use and validity of race in modern times? How has this changed
from its use in the 1800s and earlier? |
|
Definition
Race is hard to define and therefore the validity is not great. Physical appearance varies independently, not in packaged sets. No consistent variations.
Race is a socially and politically constructed concept. It has changed from its use in the 1800s because previously race was defined according to how it benefitted a particular group of people. |
|
|
Term
What are examples of ways in which we can organize “races” in the world? In
light of these options, how many races could there be and what groups could
we combine into different races? What is this say about the usefulness of
such categorization of hum |
|
Definition
Correlations can be made between human development and differentiations and world regions/ environments - Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid but it is silly to do it b/c we can have different groups according to how we catagorize people. If we went by Skin color= how many: 3, 4, 5? There is no definite answer.
Fingerprints
- 1. Black Africans, most Europeans, and east Asians
- 2. Mongolians and Australian aborigines
- 3. Khoisan (Kalahari/ South African Natives) and some central Europeans
• Genetic distinctness (depends on genes studied):
- 1. Khoisans
- 2. Several for African Blacks
- 3. All the rest of the world would be one race.
Makes it essentially useless b/c there are so many ways we can do it and people did it in a way that suited them best. |
|
|
Term
| How are race and environmental determinism linked? |
|
Definition
| Biologist Charles White, 1779 said “negroes sweat much less and dogs not at all.. Whites are most removed from brute creation (and are) naturally superior.” Thus the danger of environmental determinism because people characterize race according to what suits them best. Today: race has no scientific validity. |
|
|
Term
For what reasons did Chinese come to the US? How did they make livings
after the mining busts? |
|
Definition
| Chinese arrived on West coast for gold boom in CA and Canada and they went into lumber camps, railroads, mines, canneries. |
|
|
Term
What beliefs of Chinese were held by Anglos and what “optics/views” were
these perceptions formed through |
|
Definition
| Anglos believed that the Chinese could subsist on lower wages. They thought the Chinese would pollute moral and physical environments because of Two views: the Chinese were naturally unsanitary (but in reality so were the white working class areas) and Public imagination of moral depravity: gambling and opium addiction. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Chinese do to thwart these preconceived notions? |
|
Definition
| The chinese attempted to thwart negative image of themselves by protesting the pushing of white prostitution into Chinatown by city of Vancouver laws and they called for greater control of opium trafficking (which was controlled by whites). |
|
|
Term
How did Chinatowns develop on the Pacific coast of North America? What did
the Chinese citizens decide to do for themselves and their neighborhoods? |
|
Definition
Trade unions during the depression believed ethnic solidarity lead to class solidarity. There was the Realization that exoticism was not as dangerous as economic opportunity from tourism. Dug into ancient and venerated symbolism
The Result: build the landscape to give people what they wanted and over time it has completely changed the meaning of Chinatown (became more positive)
Importance: American landscapes (even ethnic ones) incorporate whiteness, not just reflect it. |
|
|
Term
Why is the study of ethnic neighborhoods and ghettos important to the
interaction of race in geography despite the fact that few people today buy
into the concept? |
|
Definition
The study of ghettos and ethnic neighborhoods is important to the interaction of race in geography because these are areas of concentrated race and so the culture is different.
Ghetto: involuntary ethnic neighborhood. Group forced into part of town or city beyond their control Ethnic neighborhood: Voluntary. These are urban areas that grow based on the choice of that group. |
|
|
Term
| What different Spanish peoples came into New Spain? |
|
Definition
| Peninsulares- direct from Spain. Creoles- born in New Spain. (Ancestors spent some time in Mexico). Mestizos- mixed with natives (mostly pueblo Indians). Mulattos- Spaniards mixed with Africans. |
|
|
Term
Who were the Hispanos? When did they come onto the land that is now the
US? What was the fates of their fellow settlers in Texas and California? |
|
Definition
| Hispano, is a term is preferred by some Hispanic Americans from the United States, located primarily in the US Southwest, who identify with the Spanish settlers of the area, rather than with the Mexican settlers. Through the 1600 and 1700s they did what they wanted. After Mexican independence in 1821 Groups of Mexicans coming into Spain offered land to Europeans if they became Catholic but didn’t work. Empresarios bought hugh tracts of land and promised to become Catholic and brought friends and relatives and started to overwhelm/ dwarf Spanish population. (in Texas). Limited contact until the gold rush. The small population of Spanish became completely overwhelmed very quickly by miners. (in California). |
|
|
Term
How did Mexican Independence, Texas Annexation, Mexican Cessions, and
the Mexican Revolution of 1910 isolate and affect the national and cultural
identity of the NM Spanish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does the development of the Hispano Homeland illustrate First Effective
Settlement, Independent Innovation, and Frontier Reductionism? |
|
Definition
Folklore (santos)- many independently created or modified Spanish folklore. The Santos are carved wooden figures used as alter pieces. This was the only place in borderlands that made them and this is an example of frontier reductionism because when they left they couldn't bring alot of things with them.
Independent Innovation- to identify themselves/ make use of the land they had several independent innovations.
- Evidence
- Archaic language forms: truje, facer (change in vowels, other names for objects etc… Mexicans might find it hard to understand).
- Surnames: Tafoya, Archuleta…. More reflective of older Spanish names; less common in Mexico and more common in Spain
- Folklore (santos)- many independently created or modified Spanish folklore and the Santos are carved wooden figures used as alter pieces. This was the only place in borderlands that made them.
- Penitentes Brotherhood- catholic men.
- Hornos- wood fire ovens used for wheat. 2 subregions of Hispano homeland: Rio Arriba and Rio Abajo.
- Villages (not ranchos or civil communities) more crop based instead of livestock based
- Long lots - independent innovation
- self reference – for the short time they considered themselves Mexicans but ended when anglos came and then refered to themselves as Spanish Americans. Chicano as a term is accepted more.
- Spanish built with logs more than anyone else in SW more access to forests in mountains.
- Patria chica village based society. |
|
|
Term
What are the attributes of the unique Hispano Homeland? How do they
reflect Spanish language, religion and folklore along with agricultural
practicality? What was the most important trait of their identity (hint: the last
one!)? |
|
Definition
| for the short time they considered themselves Mexicans but ended when anglos came and then refered to themselves as Spanish Americans. Chicano as a term is accepted more. |
|
|
Term
What are the attributes that Nostrand and Estaville deem necessary for the
establishment of a cultural homeland in the United States? What are some
examples of each requirement? |
|
Definition
People -(self sufficient that don't want to network, weak individuality). Place- association with area (size can range), can be functional but also goes beyond borders, can be overrun by mainstream society; however, some exclusivity. Bonding with Place- KEY!!!! Happens through adjustment to the natural enviornment. Control of Place- even go to war over place. Time- no minimum time.
Part of bonding with place is landmarks either natural or cultural. Language can also control place. |
|
|
Term
| What attributes does Conzen’s framework deem necessary? |
|
Definition
Identity: - Ethnogensis (distinct people), -Indigenization (idigenous to their place; time is essential, - Exclusivity (geographic isolation).
Territoriality: - Control of land, - political institutions (state, national, territorial; mormons and hispanos don't count), - managable spatial unit
Loyalty: -Defense (many do not fulfill this requirement; willingness to defend place, - compulsion to live within homeland, - Nationalistic landmarks (alamo, penn. culture area, mormon landscape). |
|
|
Term
How are these frameworks similar and different? What requirements does
Conzen hold essential that makes nearly all American ethnic groups
incapable of homeland status? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the key to Nostrand and Estaville’s framework and which of Conzen’s
attributes does it agree with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What American groups could, most possibly, pass for homeland status in light
of Conzen’s framework? Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the importance of people, place, and time illustrated in both theories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is control of land and bonding with land manifested on the landscape?
How do they reflect a relationship with the environment and sense of place?
What different types of “control” can be exercised? How do Nostrand and
Estaville and Conzen interpret |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What types of homelands does Conzen believe are the most illustrative and
best applied? What are some international examples of what he is referring
to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are some general types of push and pull factors for (im)migration?
What are some specific examples we saw in class? |
|
Definition
push and pull factors are reasons you leave a location or reasons that pull you to a place. Some specific examples of push factors would be ghettos (China town) in which they immigrants did not have a choice. Pull factors: Weedpatch, Ca- brought Okies in had an ad that read California cornicopia of the world with lots of room for immigrants.
- Shelbyville, TN- 1990 fewer than 100 spanish speakers and since then Tyson foods came and put in a food plant and now 14.5% is Spanish speakers. |
|
|
Term
How are chain, involuntary, and return migration different? What are some
examples of these types of movements? |
|
Definition
chain migration- decision made by a primary group of people to move and same push and pull factors become evident for other people they know.
- Involuntary migration- forced migration. Other end of the ghetto- what forces the group to move to the ghetto. (refuges moving to another country)
- Return Migration- return back to source. Ex African Americans going back to the south. |
|
|
Term
How does Shelbyville, Tennessee, illustrate the influx of Mexican immigrants
into the United States? |
|
Definition
| Shelbyville, TN- 1990 fewer than 100 spanish speakers and since then Tyson foods came and put in a food plant and now 14.5% is Spanish speakers. |
|
|
Term
What programs have led to further integration of the American and Mexican
economies? |
|
Definition
1942-64: Mexican labor program- Allowed Mexicans to come in to the US legally to work b/c it fulfilled a wartime labor need.
- 1965- Mexico’s border industrialization program- Gave us Maquiladoras
- Maquiladoras- program to attract labor intensive manufacturing companies. Wanted to bring companies within eight miles of border. Would bring in equiptment and material w/o taxes. Then products exported. US only had to pay taxes on value added not entire product. |
|
|
Term
How have maquiladoras played a role this integration? What are the benefits
of maquiladoras for both Mexico(ans) and the United States (particularly its
companies)? |
|
Definition
1965- Mexico’s border industrialization program- Gave us Maquiladoras
- Maquiladoras- program to attract labor intensive manufacturing companies. Wanted to bring companies within eight miles of border. Would bring in equiptment and material w/o taxes. Then products exported. US only had to pay taxes on value added not entire product.
-1989 eased regulations on products being sold within the country
- Now maquiladoras are located everywhere not just within 8 miles from
border.
- currently there are 4000 maquiladoras |
|
|
Term
How do the Initial, Bounded, Reactive, and Political layers of solidarity differ?
What type of social relationships does each depend on? |
|
Definition
| -Reactive- comes to a group in reaction to something that is being done to them (discrimination, isolation) and then forms solidarity. Bounded- shared experience, similar journey or experience. Political- voting together, being active politically (not necessarily a vote); depends on political relationship. Initial depends on – social relationship from same country. |
|
|
Term
What events in Cuba served as push factors for their immigration into the
US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the US government respond to each Cuban immigrant wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How did solidarity change with each Cuban immigrant group and what is its
current status in the community? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What agricultural practices does each region specialize in? |
|
Definition
Northeast- Urban area
- Market gardening- rural areas of New England for Market gardening etc.
- Dairying- Needs cold temp and dry so milk production is higher in northeast
Usually takes place north of 120 day growing season line.
- Commercial fishing- very shallow banks in new England, they get cold current and a lot of plankton.
- The South
- Livestock fattening
- Cattle
- Chickens- used to be everywhere but became more consolidated in the south.
- Market gardening
- Specialty crops- Florida and citrus crops/ Peanuts in Ga/ Apples in Virginia/ etc.
- Plantation Crops
- Cotton- moved west and now popular on the plains. When you only have on crop grown its called monoculture and this was going on for a while in the South until the boll weevil came and wiped out a lot of this production and forced farmers to look elsewhere for agriculture.
- Rice- Grown in Mississippi Delta
- Tobacco- started in Maryland/ Virginia area and moved into Kentucky and North Carolina. A lot more Hispanics are coming in for the agricultural labor.
October 11, 2006
-Middle West
- Agricultural hearth- ideal agricultural region
- Climate b/c of climate (growing season is perfect)
- Soil – glaciers brought more soil so more nutrients and fertile land
- Transportation- easy access to St. Lawrence river, Mississippi and Ohio river, grid roads, access, railroads are easy b/c its flat
- Farm size- Large land holdings allow for Midwest to be very productive.
- Grain farming- some wheat but a lot of corn
- Corn (hybrid)- corn particularly hybrid corn (genetically modified organism) selective agriculture which takes the best seeds one year to plant the next. Developed in the 1920s.
- Livestock fattening- Corn is grown for hogs and some cattle.
- Dairying- cool climate- better milk production
-Plains
- Grain Farming- crops that survive marginally better in dryer areas
- Wheat, Milo, Sorghum, Corn
- These crops don’t live on less precipitation but do better at different times of the year. And so can enable these crops to work on the plains.
- Livestock fattening
- Cattle
- Westward Movement of Meats Processing- taken out of the cities and thanks to transportation we can take the process out to the plains where the animals are already being raised and we can process them right there.
- Push for cotton- people are abandoning corn and although wheat is still there, slowly a real push for cotton is the trend.
-Northwest
- Dairying- cool climate
- Grain farming- Western Washington similar to plains b/c rainshadow of cascades.
- Palouse Wheat
- Hops
- Market Gardening- specialty fruits and vegetables
- Apples- Washington one company handles entire production of apples (vertical integration)
- Vertical Integration- ex. Cheese from California localized production from head to toe
- Grapes- napa valley wines
- California:
- 1st or 2nd in everything b/c a lot of land and lot is agricultural. They take a lot of water from Colorado river. |
|
|
Term
How does crop or livestock specialty change with region? How does climate
affect these changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is unique about the dairying landscape and why is it so particular about
where its region is located within the US? |
|
Definition
Dairying- milk/ highly perishable needs to be as close to market as possible esp. liquid milk. Needs cold temp and dry so milk production is higher in northeast
Usually takes place north of 120 day growing season line. |
|
|
Term
How do some states use the economic practice of vertical integration in their
agricultural economies? |
|
Definition
| Washington apples, Wisconsin cheese, Florida oranges/ specialize in only one crop then it makes it a lot easier to organize everything under one owner. Allows what is agriculturally specialized in terms of where it is grown to a business under same umbrella. |
|
|
Term
Why has cotton moved from throughout the South to the Plains? What does
the Boll Weevil symbolize in the South? |
|
Definition
| - Cotton- moved west and now popular on the plains. When you only have on crop grown its called monoculture and this was going on for a while in the South until the boll weevil came and wiped out a lot of this production and forced farmers to look elsewhere for agriculture. But this was positive. |
|
|
Term
What is hybrid corn, when/where was it innovated and how fast did it diffuse?
How is most corn used in the United States? |
|
Definition
| Corn (hybrid)- corn particularly hybrid corn (genetically modified organism) selective agriculture which takes the best seeds one year to plant the next. Developed in the 1920s. |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about California’s agriculture? |
|
Definition
| 1st or 2nd in everything b/c a lot of land and lot is agricultural. They take a lot of water from Colorado river. A lot of vertical integration- ex. cheese production localized production from head to toe - Grapes- napa valley wines. |
|
|
Term
What cadastral patterns exist in the United States? What are the practical
considerations for using Metes and Bounds, rectangular surveys, and Long
Lots? |
|
Definition
| -Metes and bounds, long lots, and us survey system are diff ways for dividing land. Metes- uses other factors, long lots- other, rectangular- very organized |
|
|
Term
How has livestock processing changed in the United States? What
innovations have facilitated this regional shift? |
|
Definition
| - Westward movement of meat processing. Instead of having to take animals live and slaughtered close to markets, now happens at same place. Processing doesn’t have to take place close to market anymore b/c of refrigerated transportation. |
|
|
Term
Where are the different lines we could draw that would indicate the eastern
beginning of the Great Plains (as you move west, like the frontier did)? How
does each line make sense for this purpose?Adaptations to Semiaridity
- Drill for ground water- dri |
|
Definition
Locating the Great Plains
- East of Rocky Mountain ranges
- Canada to Texas
- Eastern line: 5 options
- 20 inch isohyet- rain line typically 20 inch of minimum moisture for some crops
- 100th meridian
- 98 Meridian- more specific considers not only environmental issues but cultural evidence for change we see
- Bounded by Rivers:
- Red (North)
- Pecos Rivers
- Physical escarpments: sudden change in elevation
- Balcones (TX)
- Missouri river in Dakotas |
|
|
Term
What three attributes of the Great Plains required cultural adaptation by
frontier folk (and still do, really)? |
|
Definition
| Semiaridity, treelessness, flatness |
|
|
Term
How have ranchers and farmers on the Plains adapted to semiaridity,
treelessness, and flatness? What are some examples of these adaptations
both in the past (when the Plains were settled) and more currently (past 50
years or so)? |
|
Definition
Adaptations to Semiaridity
- Drill for ground water- drill wells a lot deeper than in the East, windmills that draw water up
- Ogallala Aquifer- resource that is running out quickly. Being drawn 22X its recharge rate/ by 2019 this resource will be gone.
- Dry farming- general method of farming
- Selective crops (drought tolerant or matures in winter: e.g. winter wheat)
- Rotate and Leave Fallow- move from one field to another and occasionally leave a farm fallow (don’t farm for a year)
- Widely spaced rows
- Plow before rain and cover afterwards- doesn’t take place anymore
- Cloud Seeding – old process where ranchers and farmers attempt to make clouds in the sky hoping it would eventually rain. Didn’t work
Adaptations to Treelessness
- Sod houses
- Barbed wire fencing- very important innovation
- Bonanza farming- trend where one individual would own a lot of land
Take advantage of Flatness
- Machinery: large 200 cattle before engines, very large equipment b/c the flat land allows conquering space very easily.
- Railroads: “great space conqueror- planned a town every 7 miles but this ended up being too much.
- Center- Pivot irrigation – bringing up ground water and dispersing it. Can’t do in a hilly area. Large sprinkler systems connected to engine that pulls water out of aquifer and forces the arm to rotate around. |
|
|
Term
What are some general adaptations to the Great Plains environment? These
are not listed here, but are on the powerpoints. |
|
Definition
Absentee Ownership
– Sidewalk Farming
– Suitcase Farming
• Basement Homes |
|
|
Term
How are 2004 Presidential election voting patterns reflected differently in
maps by state and county? What issues become evident when mapped by
county? How relevant is the Red State / Blue State idea? |
|
Definition
Formal Electoral Regions
-Republican vs. Democrat: by State
-Cartogram- kind of shaped like a map. Most states in relative position- the size of state is by how many electoral votes.
- What can we conclude? NE in general and West coast and Northern Midwest show democrat- electoral college votes.
-Republican vs. Democrat: by County
- Much more detailed view of how the states vote. Stronger conclusion about issues that affect how population votes.
- the patterns that we saw don’t come out as strong. The main key pattern shows urban areas vs. rural areas. Urban areas now are mostly Democrat and rural Republican. Urban areas have a lot more population.
- Colorado group pocket of Democrats b/c very environmentally conscious
- College towns show up more Democrat
- Intense labor areas – more democrat as well. Cotton areas, mining regions |
|
|
Term
What are the attributes and political viewpoints of the Individualistic,
Moralistic, and Traditionalistic political subcultures? Where are these
subcultures found and how are they rooted in early United States colonial
culture and politics and their mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Nations and States the same things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is popular culture effective at cultural / landscape interpretation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the attributes of Captain America that make him a reflection of the
United States?
How has Captain America’s storylines changed/adapted with international
politics since the 1940s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How has Captain America’s storylines changed/adapted with international
politics since the 1940s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are territorial differentiation and bonding? How is each exemplified in
Captain America’s storylines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does Captain America’s storylines reflect the landscapes and national
identity of the US, in Ground Zero and Centerville in particular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How has Captain America reflected the issues of post-9/11 geopolitics? |
|
Definition
|
|
