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| the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes. It ranges from persuasion to violence, and drives politics. all human relations entail a degree of power. |
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| the process determining who gets what, when, and how. |
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| the way power, as the capacity to do something is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder |
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a relatively small (a few hundred people at most) and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into (smaller) extended family groups that are politically and economically independent. uncentralized political system- marriage and kinship are the principle means of social organization
- are typically found among food foragers and other small scale migratory communities
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in anthropology, the term for a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory. uncentralized.
in many the organizing political unit is the clan. another type of leadership is the Big Man.
- economy is usually based on crop cultivation or herding
- political organization is transitory
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a politically organized society in which several neighbouring communities inhabiting a territory are united under a single ruler.
a politicallly organized territory centrally ruled by a chief heading a kin-based society with prestige ranking and redistributive economy. |
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| a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory. |
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| a people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history. |
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| claiming and exercising power as justified by law or custom of tradition. |
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| imposition of obedience or submission by force or intimidation. |
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is based on the socially accepted rules or codified laws binding people together as a society.
is the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime.
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| a state headed by a single ruler - political authority can be based on different sources of legitimacy, including divine will, birthright in a royal lineage, or an election held among free citizens or a wealthy upper class (nobles). |
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| a state ruled by a preistly elite headed by a supreme priest claiming holy or even divine status - legitimacy is embedded in sacred doctrine. |
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| the ruling noble elite claims legitimacy traditionally rooted in a ritual mixture of high-status ancestry and class endogamy, military dominance, economic wealth, and ceremonial capital. |
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rulers claim legitimacy based on the idea that they act as representatives of the free citizens who elected them into office with the mandate to act on the basis of collectively approved rules in the form of law.
may have a king or queen as a sybolic head.
with an elected president as titular head, such a state is usually identified as a republic. |
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| control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals. |
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a person’s capacity to manage her or his spontaneous feelings, restraining impulsive behaviour.
- rooted in internalized controls which are self-imposed by enculturated individuals who share beliefs and values about what is proper and what is not.
- such controls may be motivated by fear of misfortune or supernatural punishment for wrong doing.
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external control through open coercion.
- the external form of cultural control, it is based on historically developed or politically imposed rules of order enforced by others in society.
- externalized controls, maintained by authorities in ranked (chiefdoms and states) societies through persuasion or coercion
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an externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms.
- externalized controls come in the form of sanctions
- positive sanctions are rewards from others, while negative sanctions include threats of jail, fines, banishment etc.
- sanctions are either formal, including actual laws, or informal, involving norms of behaviour.
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formal rules of conduct that, when violated, effectuate negative sanctions.
punitive justice has not proven to be effective in changing criminal behaviour.--- non-states focus on restoring harmony- trial by ordeal |
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| the physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others. |
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to regulate external affairs, societies may resort to the threat or use of force. some societies engage in defensive wars only, avoiding armed confrontations unless seriously threatened or attacked. others initiate aggressive wars for material or ideological objectives.
warfare is usually situation specific
justifications for war are imbedded in a society's worldview. |
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a contract or formally binding agreement between two or more groups that are independent and self-governing political groups such as tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
throughout history, people have used diplomacy to prevent conflicts from escalating into violence. |
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