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(1857-1900)
participant observation
published very little
not an academic
zuni, hopi, navajos
worked with John Powell at BAE |
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1896- Lakota Sioux had at festival at wounded knee
ghost dance- dance to get in touch with ghost ancestors
women gave cornbread as proposal to men |
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(1858-1941)
human behavior vs activity and geography
Eskimos and their technology
Kwakiutl Indians
Tsimshian (southern alaska)
Haida (vancouver)
Potlatch
worked with George Hunt |
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spoke Tsimshian
collaborated with Boas |
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gave other cheifs chilcat blankets, coppers in hope of giving the better gift
continued to give gifts until bankrupt
winner gained status |
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| how cultures evolve and become more evolved through time |
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(1884-1942)
Trobrianders (off the coast of New Guinea)
knew local language
great academic
Argonauts of Western Pacific in 1922
Kula
Argonots- group of sailors going in search of the Golden Fleece |
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exchange of necklaces made of shellfish and arm bracelets
men doing exchanges gain prestige |
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| a central idea in modern cultural anthropology that a culture must be evaluated in terms of its own values not according to the values of another culture |
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in one sense the idea that aspects of cultural function to fulfill the biological, psychological, or other needs of individuals.
culture has a psychological benefit. it helps communities face big odds, gives a sense of safety, magic- explains the unknown |
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"complex whole of knowlege, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any capabilites and habits aquired by man as a member of society"
"culture is societal not individual" |
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"society is god, when persons of different faith talk about god it is their society that is the almighty entity"
sociologist
interested in different institutions fitting together to make "stable cultures"
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unique to human beings
collective- brought about by a group of people and modified which enables them to adapt to the natural world
compulsory- you dont have a choice to join the culture
adaptive- it enables the individual to adapt to the natural world
holistic/patterned/synchronic- how institutions fit together to represent a culture
dynamic/diachronic- change through time, acculturation(results from diffusion of ideas from other cultures)
socital life is essential |
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tried to culturize a boy who was raised in the woods until 12 years old
boy couldnt speak, didnt know how to accept clothing, or manners
"culture and nature converge to make us human beings" |
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1940's
Naembu of Zamibia
analysis of symbolic meaning of Mudyi "Milk Tree" |
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native model
how a culture interprets itself |
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outside model
how other culture percieve the culture |
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1971-1972
author- bradley
bar- Brady's Bar
joking relationship- used to ease the tension between the masculine and feminine status |
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three brothers
looking for gold in the interior of New Guinea, surprised to find different societies
society cut off first digit of pinky when someone died
1930 |
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| all the ways in which people get what they need |
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eskimo- eaters of raw meat
arctic region
common language, several dialects
cognatic kinship system- they put a lot of emphasis on simple and the individual
taboos- things you cant do
only the wife and killer can cut up seal
gender imbalance because girls had little use compared to men |
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Endicott
1971-1990
hunters and gatherers
egalitarian society
about gender equality
not agricultural
good resources in the rainforest
tekhonym- language and kinship converge
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Term
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Definition
follows the same process of agriculture as Batek
slash + burn depends on rain
need rain to have food
population cant increase because food supply isnt copius
posterous- have horses, chickens, pigs, rice, corn
have division of labor
men look after buffalo
front of house- men, back of house- women
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cutting trees
setting fires to trees
during dry season so rain doesnt put fire out |
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| process of using agrigultural machinery to massively increase farm output. |
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invented in 16th century
"anthropophagy"- greek term that preceeded it
survival canibalism- only in extreme situations
William Arens argues that there is no reliable evidence that supports that regular canibalism exists
eskimo canibalism- only for sacrificial deeds |
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biological anthropology- human anatomy, evolution
cultural anthropology- development of human cultures
archaeology- artifacts
linguistic anthropology- the way a language is used |
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sociologist
christianity to protestatism
15th century-19th century
studied change in society
eary days of fieldwork studied undocumented societies so missed many changes of early cultures |
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