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| measure of variability, developed by Italian statician & demographer Corrado Gini, used to measure income distribution |
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| system of social stratification based on income or possession of wealth & resources. Individual social mobility is possible |
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| system of social stratification based on assignment at birth to the ranked social or occupational groups of parents. There is no mobility from one caste to another, & intermarriage may be forbidden |
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| integrative theory of social stratification |
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| theory based on the assumption that social hierarchy is necessary for the smooth functioning of society |
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| exploitative theory of social stratification |
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| theory based on the assumption that social stratification & hierarchy exist b/c one group of individuals seeks to take advantage of another group for economic purposes |
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| materials, such as land, machines, or tools, that people need to produce things |
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| term suggested by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels for the portion of a person's labor that is retained as profit by those who control the means of production |
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| political or social repression |
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| use of force by a ruling group to maintain political, economic, or social control over other groups |
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| set of beliefs characteristic of stratified societies that justifies the division of a society into groups with differential rights & privileges as being natural & right |
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| term suggested by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels for the necessary response of workers to their repression by the ruling class |
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| phrase coined by Oscar Lewis to describe the lifestyle & worldview of people who inhabit urban & rural slums |
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| form of exchange in which persons share what they have with others but expect them to reciprocate later |
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| form of exchange in which items of equal or near-equal value are exchanged on the spot |
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| form of exchange in which the object is to get something for nothing or to make profit |
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| style fo living characterized by permanent or semipermanent settlements |
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| idea that human history is the story of a steady advance from a life dependent on the whims of nature to a life of control & domination over natural forces |
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| change in meanings that a people ascribe to experience & changes in their way of life |
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| slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture |
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| form of agriculture in which forests are cleared by burning trees & brush, & crops are planted among the ashes of the cleared ground |
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| plow (irrigation) agriculture |
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| form of cultivation in which fields must be plowed to remove weeds & grasses prior to planting |
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| form of society characterized by a hierarchial ranking of people & centralized political control |
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| number of people in a given geographic area |
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| period of European history, generally identified as occuring in the late 18th century, marked by a shift in production from agriculture to industrial goods, urbanization, and the factory system |
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| means of production, common in the 16th & 17th centuries & surviving today, in which a manufacturer or merchant supplies the materials & sometimes the tools to workers, who produce the goods in their own homes |
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| system of production characterized by the concentration of labor & machines in specific places. It is associated with the industrial revolution |
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| term used to identify an increase in the level of technology &, by some, the standard of living of a population. 3 key assumptions: 1) economic growth & development are the soln to natl & global probs; 2) global economic integration will contribute to solving global ecological & social probs; 3) foreign assistance to undeveloped countries will make things better |
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| one of the institutions created at the Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, meeting in 1944 of Allied nations. Functions as a lending institution to nations largely for projects related to economic development. Also Bank for Reconstruction & Development |
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| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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| Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference to regulate currency transactions b/t countries, now makes loans & regulates the economies or recipient countries |
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| infectious agent such as a bacterium or a virus that can cause disease |
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| when refering to disease, an organism, such as mosquito, tick, flea, or snail, that can transmit disease to another animal |
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| interpersonal theory of disease |
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| view of disease in which it is assumed that illness is caused by tensions or conflicts in social relations |
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| factory model (of agriculture) |
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| energy-intensive, ecologically damaging form of agriculture intended to grow or raise as many crops/livestock as possible in the shortest period of time |
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| agricultural methods that incorporate indigenous practices of food production that preserve the environment along with contemporary agricultural research |
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| money that is backed by something of worth, such as gold or silver |
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| money that is backed by nothing other than a government decree that is be accepted for the sale of goods or services or the settlement of debt |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| total of all goods & services bought & sold in a given year |
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| transformation of something that has no monetary value into something that can be bought & sold in the market |
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| freedom we have to regulate our own lives & the access we have to societal leaders & decision makers |
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| relations of reciprocity & trust that enable people collectively to solve their problems |
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| economic philosophy that argues for minimal government involvement in the economy & greatly accelerated economic growth. Argued that well-being is best served by liberating individual entrepreneurs to operate in a framework of strong property rights, free markets, & free trade |
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| removal of barriers to the free flow of goods & capital b/t nations by eliminating import/export taxes or subsidies paid to farmers & businessmen. It may also mean reducing environmental or social laws when they restrict the flow of goods & capital |
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| costs or benefits of economic transactions that are not included in prices. These may include the environmental, social, or political consequences of market transactions |
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