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| The ability of humans to make choices and use free will. |
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| The study of humanity, including our prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity. |
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| The use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems. |
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| The study of past human cultures through their material remains. |
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| Biological Anthropology (physical) |
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| The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation. |
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| A way of categorizing people based on their economic position in society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth. |
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| Cultural Anthropology (social) |
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| The study of living peoples and their cultures, including variations and change. |
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| A theory that explains human behavior as a result of learning. |
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| The view that a theorietical position that takes material features of life, such as the environment, natural resources, and modes of production, as the bases for explaining social organization and ideology. |
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| The view that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and should not be judged byt he standards of another. |
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| People's learned and shared behaviors and beliefs. |
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| The study of a particular topic in more than one culture using ethnographic material. |
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| A shared sense of identity among a group based on heritage, language, or culture. |
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| Judging other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture. |
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| A firsthand, detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observation. |
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| A view that culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole. |
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| Patterns of culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas attributed to males, females, or blended categories. |
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| Increased and intensified international ties related to the spread of Western, especially U.S., capitalism that affects all world cultures. |
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| The view that cultures are complex systems and one must study all their aspects in order to understand the whole culture. |
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| A group with a long-standing connection with their home territory predating colonial or other societies that prevail in that territory. |
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| Interpretive Anthropology |
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| The view that cultures should be understood by studying what people think about, their ideas, and the meanings that are important to them. |
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| The study of human communication, including its origins, history, and contemporary variation and change. |
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| The transformation of global culture by local cultures into something new. |
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| A distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures. |
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| A way of categorizing people on the basis of supposedly homogeneous biological traits. |
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| The view that emphasizes how powerful structures such as the economy, politics, and media shape cultures and create inequality and oppression. |
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| An object, word, or action with culturally defined meaning that stands for something else; most symbols are arbitrary. |
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| An approach to learning about culture that involves anthropologists working with members of the study population as partners and teammates rather than as researchers and subjects. |
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| Persistent feelings of uneasiness, loneliness, and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to a different one. |
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1. Posing hypothesis
2. Gathering empirical data
3. Assessing findings re: hypothesis |
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| What insiders do and perceive about their culture, their perceptions of reality, and their explanations for why they do what they do. |
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| An analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture. |
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| Research in the field (anywhere people and culture are found). |
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| Avoids hypothesis formation and instead takes its lead from the culture being studied. |
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| An aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the participants of the intent, scope, and possible effects of the study and seek their consent. |
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| A research technique that involves gathering of verbal data through questions or guided conversation between at least two people. |
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| Fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the behaviors and ideas of dispersed members of a culture or the relationships among different levels such as state policy and local culture. |
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| Basic fieldwork method in cultural anthropology that involves living in a culture for a long period while gathering data. |
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| A formal research instrument containing a pre-set series of questions that the anthropologist asks in a face-to-face setting, in the mail, or by email. |
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| A trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population. |
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| A mode of production that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer. |
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| Production involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spatial mobility. |
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| Agriculture in which production supports the family and provides goods for sale. |
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| Collecting food that is available in nature. |
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| Mode of production based on growing domesticated crops in gardens using simple hand tools. |
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| Local knowledge about the environment including plants, animals, and resources. |
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| Industrial Capital Agriculture |
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Definition
| A form of agriculture that is capital-intensive, substituting machinery and capital inputs for human and animal labor. |
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| Industrial Collectivized Agriculture |
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| A form of industrial agriculture that involves state control of land, technology, and goods produced. |
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| Industrialism/Informatics |
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| A mode of production in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media |
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| Production that involves continuous use of the same land and resources. |
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| The dominant way of making a living in a culture. |
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| The dominant way, in a culture, of using things up or spending resources in order to satisfy demands. |
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| The dominant way, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups. |
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| A mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands, and involves an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them. |
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| The buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supply and demand determined value. |
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| A mode of production based on keeping domesticated animal herds and using their products for most of the diet. |
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| A form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group who then, at a later time and ppublic event, returns the pooled goods to everyone who contributed. |
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| A system of property relations in which a person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hunting, and fishing areas and water holes. |
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| A system of transfer in which one party seeks to make a profit. |
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| The formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value. |
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| A system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value. |
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| A mode of consumption in which people's demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in the effort to satisfy those demands. |
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| An exchange of approximately equal goods or services, usually between people roughly equivolent in social status. |
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| Exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return. |
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| A blurred gender category, usually referring to a person who is biologically male but who takes on a female gender roles. |
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| A culturally defined period of maturation from the time of puberty until adulthood. |
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| A person who is familiar with the practices and beliefs of two cultures can promote cross-cultural understanding to promote or mediate conflicts. |
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| The change from the agricultural pattern of high fertility and high mortality to the industrial pattern of low fertility and low mortality. |
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| The rate of births in a population, or the rate of population growth in general. |
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| A transfer made to the groom's parents as a marriage gift. |
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| The killing of an infant or child. |
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| The onset of menstruation. |
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| The cessation of menstruation. |
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| The predominant pattern of fertility and mortality in a culture. |
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| Ideology promoting many children. |
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| The existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity, and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate. |
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| Motherhood, the cultural process of becoming a mother. |
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| Fatherhood, the cultural process of becoming a father. |
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| An individual's patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. |
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| A time in the human life-cycle that occurs universally and involves a set of biological markers and sexual maturation. |
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