Term
| Know the four types of subsistence patterns: • Foraging |
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Definition
| reliance on the available natural resources for survival, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals; foragers are usually mobile populations; still practices; foragers tend to organize themselves in bands or small family groups |
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Term
| Know the four types of subsistence patterns:• Pastoralism |
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Definition
| people make their living by tending herds of large animals; most often an adaptation to semi-arid open country; Pastoral Nomadism refers to a annual migration pattern that is undertaken by the entire group; Transhumance is a process by which only part of the pastoral group moves seasonally |
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Term
| Know the four types of subsistence patterns:• Horticulture |
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Definition
| A cultivation technique that makes use of none of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, and machinery; Practice slash and burn and fallow field techniques; Horticulture can support large permanent villages; Is a more productive subsistence technique than foraging |
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Term
| Know the four types of subsistence patterns:• Agriculture |
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Definition
| Cultivation using land and labor continuously; intensive farming began 5,000 years ago in response to increases in human population sizes; involves the use of domesticated animals, irrigation, and terracing; while agriculture is labor intensive it provides more reliable long term yields per area |
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Term
| Know the three forms of distribution and exchange. |
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Definition
• Market Exchange - buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
• Redistribution - the flow of goods to a central authority and the allocation of these goods back to members of society by the central authority
• Reciprocity - a principle that governs exchanges between social equals |
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Term
| Know the three types of reciprocity. |
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Definition
• Generalized – exchanges between closely related people
• Balanced – social distances increase, as does the need to reciprocate
• Negative – social distance is greatest and reciprocity is most calculated |
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Term
| Know the five areas in which a society will allocate resources. |
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Definition
• Subsistence Fund - the allocation of resources to collecting or obtaining nourishment
• Replacement Fund - the investment in maintaining technology and items required for production
• Social Fund - helping and maintaining relationships with friends, relatives, and neighbors
• Ceremonial Fund - the attention to ceremonies or rituals
• Rent Fund - resources allocated to individuals or agencies that are politically or economically superior |
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Term
| Understand the concept of socio-political organization as conceptualized by an anthropologist: |
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Definition
• The regulation and management of inter-relations among groups and their representatives':
1. Decision making
2. Social control
3. Conflict resolution
• Functions to maintain normal ranges, correct deviations from the norm, and maintain a systems integrity |
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Term
| Know the five areas of social authority and responsibility to which leadership roles have access. |
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Definition
• make decisions concerning the group as a whole.
• act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders
• act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders
• help define their society's goals and public policy
• Have access to and control over their society's important resources |
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Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• Bands |
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Definition
| Small, kin-based groups; generally forage; egalitarian; Membership can be fluid…band aggregation and fissioning are means of dealing with social and environmental pressures; decision making is often made at the group level and leadership roles are often assigned on a task specific basis |
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Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• Tribes |
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Definition
| generally horticulturalists or pastoralists; organized by village or descent group; lack socio-economic stratification; have more effective regulatory mechanisms than bands; no means of enforcing political decisions |
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Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• Chiefdoms |
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Definition
| generally agricultural; operate on a regional level; have permanent political regulation; political authorities regulate or control production, distribution, and consumption of resources; increased social stratification |
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Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• The State |
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Definition
Has four specialized functions which are population control, judiciary, enforcement of laws, and fiscal oversight; have an unrelated leadership class that have differential access to wealth, power, and prestige
o Wealth - an individual’s material assets and the basis for their economic status
o Power - the ability to control others and the basis for political status
o Prestige - the ability to control others and the basis for political status |
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Term
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Definition
• Shaman – a part time magico-religious practitioner
• Communal religions – religion based on community rituals
• Olympian religions – state religions with professional priesthoods
• Monotheism – the worship of a single deity |
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Term
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Definition
• Imitative Magic - magic that creates a desired effect by imitating it
• Contagious Magic - the belief that actions directed towards an object will affect a person who has touched it |
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Term
| Understand how religion can function as a method of social control. |
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Definition
• This can be done through persuasion or fear
• Persuasion offers social and spiritual rewards
• Fear threatens social or spiritual reprisals for inappropriate behavior |
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Term
| Know the stages of a rite of passage. |
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Definition
• Separation
• Liminality – an in between phase of a rite
• Communitas – collective liminality |
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Term
| Understand the processes that led to and the results of the Modern World System. |
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Definition
• Colonialism
• Industrialization |
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Term
| Know how Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery nations fit into the Modern World System. |
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Definition
• Core - the dominant position, cultures with advanced systems of production
• Semi Periphery - have a production system but are not as powerful or economically dominant as the Core cultures
• Periphery - the least powerful and least privileged cultures in a World System |
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Term
| Understand the processes that led to and the socioeconomic impacts of industrialization. |
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Definition
• Bourgeoisie - factory owners, those who controlled the means of production
• Proletariat - individuals who had to sell their labor; proletarianization is the separation of workers from the means of production |
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Term
| Understand the processes that led to and the results of colonialism. |
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Definition
• Nations and ethnic groups that were created during the colonial era are still recognized today
• Connected the world in new ways, such as trade routes
• Development of economic systems that connect almost every nation in the world |
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Term
| Know the difference between colonialism and imperialism. |
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Definition
• Colonialism - long term foreign control of a territory and its people
• Imperialism - policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and people |
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Term
| Understand neoliberalism and other intervention philosophies. |
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Definition
• Intervention Philosophy: ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native people
• Neoliberalism: governments shouldn’t regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule
• Third World Nation: developing or less developed countries |
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Term
| Understand the issues relating to climate change from an anthropological perspective. |
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Definition
• Climate Change - Global warming plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects
• Greenhouse Effect - Warming from trapped atmospheric gasses |
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Term
| Know the modern issues that environmental anthropologists deal with. |
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Definition
• Ecological anthropology: study of cultural adaptations to environments
• Ethnoecology: a culture's set of environmental practices and perceptions
• Modern anthropologists attempt to understand and find solutions to environmental problems |
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Term
| Understand the issues related to deforestation from an anthropological perspective. |
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Definition
• Deforestation threatens ecosystems, biodiversity, and socioeconomic systems
• Risk assessment can help combat environmental degradation |
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Term
| Understand issues relating to inter-ethnic contact, cultural change, and indigenous rights. |
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Definition
• Inter-ethnic contact: acculturation & cultural imperialism
• Culture Change: integration of foreign items and ideals into indigenous cultures; indigenization; media can serve to promote national identities or support indigenous cultures
• Indigenous rights: a number of agents now work to reverse the oppressive effects of assimilation policies |
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