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| one of Karl Marx’s opposed classes; owners of the means of production (factories, mines, large farms, and other sources of subsistence) |
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wealth or resources invested in business, with the intent of producing a profit
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| the single world system, which emerged in teh 16th c. committed to production for sale, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs |
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| the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time |
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| spelled with a lowercase c, describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good |
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| spelled with a capital C, a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and to establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991 |
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dominant structural position in the world system; consists of the strongest and most powerful states with advanced systems of production |
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| a policy of extending the rule of a nation ore empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies |
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| the original inhabitants of particular territories; often descendents of tribespeople who live on as culturally distinct colonized peoples, many whom aspire to autonomy |
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| the historical transformation (in Europe after 1750) of “traditional” into modern societies through industrialization of the economy |
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guiding principle of colonialism, conquest, missionization, or development; an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions |
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revival of Adam Smith’s classic economic liberalism, the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule; a currently dominant intervention philosophy |
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| weakest structural position in the world system |
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referring to interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized (mainly after 1800); more generally, “postcolonial” may be used to signify a position against imperialism and Eurocentrism |
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| structural position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery |
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| working class, or proletariat |
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those who must sell their labor to survive; the antithesis of the bourgeoisie in Marx’s class analysis |
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argument for the historic and contemporary social, political, and economic significance of an identifiable global system, based on wealth and power differentials, that extends beyond individual countries. |
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| anthropology and education |
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| anthropological research in classrooms, homes, and neighborhoods, viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculturation and attitudes towards education belong to a larger context that includes family, peers, and society |
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| the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess and solve contemporary social problems |
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| specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriated process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image; the curer is consulted by patients who believe in his or her special powers, and receives some form of special consideration; a cultural universal |
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| the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development |
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| an etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen |
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| : beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness; a cultural universal |
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| an emic condition of poor health felt by idividuals |
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| a reduction in absolute poverty and a fairer (more even) distribution of wealth |
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unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups |
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| characteristic of development projects that require major changes in people’s daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits |
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As distinguished from Western medicine, a health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications |
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planning fallacy of viewing less developed countries as an underdifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types of project beneficiaries |
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| the anthropological study of life in and around world cities, including urban social problems, differences between urban and other environments, and adaptation to city life |
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| the active role that individuals play in interpreting, using, making, and remaking culture |
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| the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better ways of life; based on disillusionment with industrialization, globalization, and developments in science, technology, and consumption patterns |
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the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys—usually because of differential economic or political influence |
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| the offspring of an area who have spread to many lands |
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| : the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical process and politics within which that identity developed |
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the meaning of a text (including varied cultural products) as defined by its creators or other elites |
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as used by Antonio Gramsci, a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing its values and accepting its “naturalness” |
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| as used by James Scott, the critique of power by the oppressed that goes on offstage—in private—where the power holders cant see it |
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| modified to fit the local culture |
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a style and movement in architecture that succeeded modernism. Compared with modernism, postmodernism is less geometric, less functional, less austere, more playful, and more willing to include elements from diverse times and cultures; post-modern now describes comparable developments in music, literature, and visual art |
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| condition of a world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts, and standards are reaching out and breaking down |
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| as used by James Scott, the open, public interactions between dominators and oppressed—the outer shell of power relations |
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| something that is creatively “read,” interpreted, and assigned meaning by each person who receives it; includes any media-borne image, such as Carnival |
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| the acculturative influence of western expansion on other cultures |
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