Term
| Which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic and sacral(pelvic) |
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|
Term
| Which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic and sacral (pelvic) |
|
|
Term
| Which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two vertebral curves are primary curves? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic and Sacral(pelvic) |
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Term
| Which spinal condition involves an excessive dorsal curvature of the thoracic vertebral column? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the short, thick bony processes that project posteriorly from the lateral and superior aspects of vertebral bodies of typical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| From the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous processes of a typical vertebra? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structures of a typical vertebra are the zygaphophyses? |
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Definition
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Term
| On which structure is the dens located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure is known as the atlas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which is known as the axis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| On which structure is the dens located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which vertebral structures have bifid tips? |
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Definition
| Spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae |
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Term
| With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic vertebrae have: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets? |
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Definition
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Term
| With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| 30-50 degrees posteriorly |
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|
Term
| Lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae because lumbar vertebrae have: |
|
Definition
| Broad, large spinous processes |
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|
Term
| Which parts of the sacrum form the joints of the ilia of the pelvis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection(open mouth) because the Fuchs Method: |
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Definition
| Extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed. |
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Term
| The radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is: |
|
Definition
| Suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease. |
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Term
| Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
| AP Projection (Fuchs Method) |
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|
Term
| Which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP Projection (open mouth)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
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Definition
| 15-20 degrees cephalad to C4. |
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|
Term
| How should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| For which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the central ray be angled 15-20 degrees cephalad? |
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Definition
| AP axial projection Cervical Spine |
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Term
| Whih evaluation criterion does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
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Definition
| C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimpositioning. |
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|
Term
| Which projectin of the cervical vertebral column requires a SID of 72"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which manuever should be used to help obtain maximum depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| Suspend respiration after full expiration. |
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Term
| What should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebrae for the lateral projection of the cervical spine? |
|
Definition
| Angle the central ray 15 degrees caudad. |
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Term
| What should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should be done to reduce magnification caused by the increased object-to-image distance in lateral projections of the cervical spine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which projection of the cervical vertebral column uses the same central ray direction and centering as hyperextension and hyperfexion studies of the cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which projection of the cervical vertebrae deomonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely separated? |
|
Definition
| Hyperflexion lateral projection |
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|
Term
| Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes depressed and in close approximation? |
|
Definition
| Hyperextension lateral projection |
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|
Term
| Which projection of the cervical vertebrae should produce a radiographic image showing the patient's mandibular body nearly perpendicular to the lower border of the radiograph? |
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Definition
| Hyperfexion lateral projection |
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|
Term
| Which projection for cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular central ray? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How should the central ray be directed for AP axial oblique projections of the cervical vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| Cephalically 15-20 degrees |
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|
Term
| How should the CR be directed for a PA axial oblique projections of the cervical vertebral column? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina? |
|
Definition
| AP Axial Oblique projection |
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|
Term
| Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina with the central ray angled 15-20 degrees cephalad? |
|
Definition
| Right Posterior Oblique (RPO) |
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|
Term
| Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina with the CR angled 15-20 degrees caudad? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees from either AP or the PA position should the entire body be rotated for oblique projections of the cervical column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP projection (FUCHS method) of the cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| The entire dens should be seen thru the foramen magnum. |
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|
Term
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection of teh cervical vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| The spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles. |
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|
Term
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| All seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated. |
|
|
Term
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to eh AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| The intervertebral foramina should be open with those farthest from the IR well demonstrated. |
|
|
Term
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial oblique projections fo the cervical vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| The intervertebral foramina should be open with those closest to the IR well demonstrated. |
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|
Term
| Which projection should be included in a cervical series if the lateral projection does not demonstrate the C7 vertebra? |
|
Definition
| Lateral Projection (Twining Method)(Swimmers) |
|
|
Term
| For the lateral projection(Twining method) of the cervical vertebrae, how and where should the CR be directed? |
|
Definition
| Perpendicular to the intervertebral disk space of C7 and T1. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following structures are best demonstrated with the lateral projection (Twining Method)? |
|
Definition
| Lower cervical vertebrae (Cervicothoracic vertebrae) |
|
|
Term
| For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column, where should the CR be directed on the anterior chest wall? |
|
Definition
| Slightly below sternal angle |
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|
Term
| With reference to the patient, where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| 1 1/2 to 2 inches (3.8-5cm) above the top of the shoulders. |
|
|
Term
| For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column with the patient in the supine position, why should the patient's hips and knees be flexed? |
|
Definition
| To reduce dorsal kyphosis |
|
|
Term
| Which projection most requires usage of the anode heel affect to improve image quality? |
|
Definition
| AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When performing the lateral projection for thoracic vertebrae, what is the preferred procedure that should be performed when the long axis of the vertebral column is not horizontal? |
|
Definition
| Elevate the lower or upper thoracic region with a radiolucent support. |
|
|
Term
| When performing the lateral projection for thoracic vertebrae, what is the preferred procedure that should be performed when the long axis of the vertebral column is not horizontal? |
|
Definition
| Elevate the lower or upper thoracic region with a radiolucent support. |
|
|
Term
| When performing the lateral projection for thoracic vertebrae, what is the preferred procedure that should be performed when the long axis of the vertebral column is not horizontal? |
|
Definition
| Elevate the lower or upper thoracic region with a radiolucent support. |
|
|
Term
| To what level of the body should the CR be directed for lateral projections of the thoracic vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| Inferior angle of scapula |
|
|
Term
| what compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent patient when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table? |
|
Definition
| Angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalad |
|
|
Term
| which of the following structures are best demonstrated with the lateral position projection(Twining Method)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates kyphosis? |
|
Definition
| Lateral Projection of the thoracic vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| PA projection of the thoracic vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates lordosis? |
|
Definition
| Lateral Projection of the lumbar vertebral column. |
|
|
Term
| Why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| To reduce lordotic curvature. |
|
|
Term
| How should the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum? |
|
Definition
| Centered on the level of the iliac crests |
|
|
Term
| Which positioning manuever should be performed to reduce the normal lordotic curvature for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should the CR be directed for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column for a lumbosacral examination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebral column best demonstrates intervertebral foramina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column when the vertebral column is parallel with table? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column when the lumbar vertebral column is not parallel with table? |
|
Definition
| 5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females. |
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of L5-S1 when the lumbar vertebral column is parallel with the table? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebral column best demonstrates zygapophyseal joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated if a supine patient is rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated and a perpendicular CR is directed at the lumbar vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| Zygapophyseal joints on the left side |
|
|
Term
| Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient RPO? |
|
Definition
| Zygapophyseal joints of the right side. |
|
|
Term
| Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient LPO? |
|
Definition
| zygapophyseal joints on the left side. |
|
|
Term
| Which positioning error most likely occured if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite anterior on the vertebral body in AP oblique projection radiographs of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| The patient was not rotated enough. |
|
|
Term
| Which positoning error most likely occurred if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite posterior on the vertebral body AP oblique projection radiographs of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| The patient was rotated too much. |
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the vertebral column demonstrates the "Scottie Dog"? |
|
Definition
| Oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column. |
|
|
Term
| What is demonstrated if the Scottie Dog is well visualized? |
|
Definition
| Zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae. |
|
|
Term
| How many degrees of body rotation are necessary for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebral column places the midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection fo the lumbar vertebral column places the midsagittal plane parallel with IR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for AP axial projections of the lumbosacral junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection best demonstrates the right sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| AP oblique projection with the patient in the LPO position |
|
|
Term
| Which projection best demonstrates the left sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| AP oblique projection with the patient in the RPO position. |
|
|
Term
| How many degrees of body rotation from the supine position are required for AP oblique projections of the sacroiliac joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in what direction should the CR be directed for AP axial projections of Sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for AP projections of the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for the PA projection of coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for lateral projections of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many degrees and in which direction hsould the central ray be directed for lateral projections of the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which projection of the Ferguson method should be performed to best evaluate scoliosis? |
|
Definition
|
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