Term
| Why must a patient with HEART FAILURE either not take or be careful when taking CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS? |
|
Definition
| Some calcium channel blockers reduce myocardial contractility -> will worsen heart failure |
|
|
Term
FIBROADENOMA
1) What is it?
2) Characteristics (6)
3) Most common at what age? |
|
Definition
1. Benign breast disease that occurs frequently and has distinct characterisitics
2. a) Solitary, non-tender mass
b) Solid, firm, rubbery & elastic feel
c) Round, oval or lobulated
d) 1 to 5 cm
e) Freely movable, slides easily through tissue
f) Grows quickly and constantly
3. 15-30 years but can occur up to 55 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart rate greater than 100 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart rate less than 60 bpm |
|
|
Term
| What cardiac event happens during REPOLARIZATION? How is this shown on an ECG? |
|
Definition
Mechanical relaxation -> DIASTOLE
It is the T Wave segment of ECG |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Events of DEPOLARIZATION? How are they shown on an ECG? |
|
Definition
Contraction -> SYSTOLE
On an ECG, the P wave is the ATRIAL depolarization and the QRS complex is the VENTRICULAR depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Why is a Regular Rate and Rhythm (of heart) so important to all body systems? |
|
Definition
| It ensures delivery of life - sustaining nutrients and OXYGEN! to all body organs and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medical Term for Dry Mouth? What are possible causes? |
|
Definition
XEROSTOMIA
Can be caused by (or as) a side effect of many medications, dehydration and/or fever. |
|
|
Term
| The 3 structures of INTERNAL MALE GENITALIA |
|
Definition
1. Testes
2. Epididymis
3. Vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| The 2 structures of EXTERNAL MALE GENITALIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do African Americans and Native Americans have lower incidence of SKIN CANCER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of UNILATERAL EDEMA vs. BILATERAL (OR GENERALIZED) EDEMA |
|
Definition
| Unilateral edema is caused by a local or peripheral cause vs. Bilateral which is caused by a CENTRAL problem such as HEART OR KIDNEY FAILURE |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the EPIDERMIS? What are their main components & functions of each? |
|
Definition
1) STRATUM GERMINATIUM or the Basal Cell Layer (deeper of the 2 layers). Main components are : PROTEIN KERATIN which forms new skin cells and MELANOCYTES which produce melanin (results in skin coloration)
2) STRATUM CORNEUM or Horny Cell Layer. Main component: DEAD KERATINIZED CELLS which form a protective barrier |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal temperature for SPERM PRODUCTION? |
|
Definition
| 3 degrees Celsius below abdominal temperature |
|
|
Term
| The 2 main LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AREAS? |
|
Definition
| AXILLARY & SUPRACLAVICULAR |
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system drains into what 2 main ducts and what veins do they empty into? |
|
Definition
1) RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT - Right side of body, empties into the right subclavian vein
2) THORACIC DUCT - empties into the left subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
| A capillary refill time of greater than 1-2 seconds signifies? |
|
Definition
| Signifies vasoconstriction or decreased cardiac output (Hypovolemia, shock, heart failure) |
|
|
Term
| Where to palpate the DORSALIS PEDIS pulse |
|
Definition
| Just lateral to and parallel with extensor tendon of the 1st phalanx (big toe) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the BRACHIAL artery surface? |
|
Definition
| ANTECUBITAL FOSSA in elbow medial to biceps tendon |
|
|
Term
| ENALAPRIL (VASOTEC) may produce ____-_____ phenomenom resulting in _______ which may cause ____________ |
|
Definition
| First dose phenomenon -> Profound Hypotension -> Syncope |
|
|
Term
| The Major Supply Artery of the Arm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence SEIZURES (aka Petit Mal) are seen most often in what age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A significant contributing factor to CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| CHOLESTEROL in blood vessels leads to plaque build up and atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| The SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is a division of the? |
|
Definition
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| A diabetic patient on this medicine ________ may require more insulin... Why? |
|
Definition
| PHENYTOIN (AKA DILANTIN) because it increases serum glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| Drugs used for TONIC-CLONIC seizures (3) |
|
Definition
1. Depakote
2. Valium
3. Dilantin |
|
|
Term
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS:
1) Must not be used in patients with what condition?
2) They increase risk for? |
|
Definition
1) Glaucoma
2) Constipation |
|
|
Term
| Usual administration route for DILANTIN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must one be careful when administering Dilantin IV? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a soft-tissue irritant and can cause local tissue damage if extr |
|
|
Term
| Why must one be careful when administering Dilantin IV? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a soft-tissue irritant and can cause local tissue damage if extravasation occurs |
|
|
Term
ZOSTERIFORM SHAPED LESIONS
1) Caused by/Due to?
2) Arranged how on body? |
|
Definition
1) Herpes zoster
2) Linear arrangement along a nerve route |
|
|
Term
| PRURITUS in patients with end stage renal disease is caused by? |
|
Definition
| The end-stage renal patient will have HIGH levels of calcium |
|
|
Term
| Women 20-39 years old should have a clinical breast exam performed how often? vs. Women over 40 (how often)? |
|
Definition
20-39: Every 3 years
vs.
40+: Annually with a MAMMOGRAM |
|
|
Term
| When a drug enters the bloodstream, where is it carried to first? |
|
Definition
| The most vascular organs: LIVER, KIDNEYS, & BRAIN |
|
|
Term
| The 4 steps or phases of a drugs movement through the body? |
|
Definition
1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Biotransformation
4) Excretion |
|
|
Term
| Function of TRYPSIN INHIBITOR? |
|
Definition
| In the pancreas, trypsin inhibitor prevents the activation of proteolytic enzymes while they are in the pancreas..KEEPS THE PANCREAS FROM DIGESTING ITSELF! |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency will alcoholics commonly have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ARCUS SENILIS
(Definition) |
|
Definition
Grey/white arc or circle around limbus, often seen around cornea...
Has no effect on vision |
|
|
Term
5 substances actively secreted by the
RENAL TUBULES |
|
Definition
1. POTASSIUM
2. Hydrogen
3. Tamm-Horsfall protein
4. Sodium
5. Chloride |
|
|
Term
| Which LAB will have increased values in patients with GRAVES DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does ANEMIA often accompany RENAL FAILURE? |
|
Definition
| The kidney's have reduced erythropoietin secretion and this results in reduced red cell production |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to determine or measure RENAL FUNCTIONING? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS ALWAYS due to? |
|
Definition
| A respiratory problem with inadequeate excretion of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary stimulant of ALDOSTERONE synthesis & secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has had a stroke in the left side of the brain, which side of the body will be affected? |
|
Definition
| The patient's right side will be affected (with strokes it is the opposite side of the body) |
|
|
Term
| Causative (Septic) Agent of MENINGITIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the ZONA GLOMERULOSA?
What is it the main site of? |
|
Definition
1. It is on the outer layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX
2. Main site of ALDOSTERONE synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Phase 2 of BONE REMODELING? |
|
Definition
| Osteoclasts form a "CUTTING CONE" which resorbs bone, leaving an elongated cavity termed a RESORPTION CAVITY |
|
|
Term
FIBROUS JOINT
1. Define
2. What are the 3 types |
|
Definition
1. A joint in which bone is united directly to bone by fibrous connective tissue.
2. Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis |
|
|
Term
| The POSTERIOR PITUITARY secretes? |
|
Definition
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
&
OXYTOCIN |
|
|
Term
| As PLASMA OSMOLALITY increases the rate of ADH secretion __________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of LARGE volume and SMALL volume SECRETORY DIARRHEA..umm yummy |
|
Definition
LARGE VOLUME - likely due to E. Coli or from Clostridium difficule from antibiotic therapy
SMALL VOLUME - Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and/or Fecal impaction |
|
|
Term
ZOFRAN
1. Class
2. Uses
3. Assessments to be made after administration |
|
Definition
1. Class: ANTIEMETIC
2. Uses: PREVENT NAUSEA & VOMITING
3. Assessment: MONITOR FLUID & ELECTROLYTE STATUS, MONITOR CARDIOVASCULAR STATUS |
|
|
Term
| How is CREATININE LEVEL affected by RENAL FAILURE? |
|
Definition
| The level will increase (even if urine output has not changed) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the target cell receptors located for most water soluble hormones? i.e. where do water soluble hormones attach |
|
Definition
| In the PLASMA MEMBRANE (they are too large too diffuse across) |
|
|
Term
7 Signs and Symptoms of
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS |
|
Definition
1. Hematuria
2. RBC casts
3. Proteinuria
4. Decreased GFR
5. Oliguria
6. HTN
7. Edema around eyes/feet/ankles |
|
|
Term
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
1. Commonly affects?
2. After what event? |
|
Definition
1. Commonly affects CHILDREN
2. After a STREP infection (spec. IMPETIGO of the skin or PHARYNGITIS of the throat) |
|
|
Term
| What lab is used to measure LONG-TERM GLUCOSE regulation of diabetic patients? |
|
Definition
HbA1c
(Glycosylated Hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
| FLANK PAIN AND FEVER are signs of? |
|
Definition
| PYELONEPHRITIS - Infection of the renal pelvis & interstitum; usually caused by E. Coli, Proteus or Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
What is the most common type of
RENAL STONE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lab provides a good index of RENAL FUNCTION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RENAL COLIC is a sign of? |
|
Definition
| RENAL CALCULLUS (that is causing an obstruction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there is loss or damage to Nephrons |
|
|
Term
8 Signs and Symptoms of
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
1. Headache
2. Confusion
3. Drowsiness
4. Increased RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH
5. Decreased B/P
6. Decreased Cardiac Output
7. Dysrhythmias
8. Shock |
|
|
Term
Most common cause of
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average DAILY urine output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any changes in these 2 systems (mechanisms) can affect HOMEOSTASIS |
|
Definition
1. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
2. Acid/Base Balance |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 prevalent diseases/conditions that affect homeostasis |
|
Definition
1. Heart Failure
2. Diabetes
3. Dehydration
4. Any disease caused by toxins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common post-op respiratory complications |
|
Definition
1. Atelectasis
2. Pneumonia
3. Hypoxemia |
|
|
Term
| 12 basic POST-OP nursing interventions |
|
Definition
1. Administer VOLUME REPLACEMENT THERAPY if needed.
2. Take VITALS EVERY 15 MIN'S for the 1st hour post-op
3. TURN PT. to SIDE (if possible & not contraindicated, to promote drainage & prevent aspiration)
4. Administer ANTIEMETICS
5. TURN, COUGH, DEEP BREATHING every 2 hrs.
6. Encourage YAWNING (for lung expansion)
7. Use INCENTIVE SPIROMETER
8. RAISE HOB
9. EARLY AMBULATION
10. Preventative PAIN RELIEF
11. Monitor I & O
12. Medical NUTRITIONAL THERAPY |
|
|
Term
| Why are surgical catheters/drains removed A.S.A.P.? |
|
Definition
| To prevent/avoid infection |
|
|
Term
| Why are surgical catheters/drains removed A.S.A.P.? |
|
Definition
| To prevent/avoid infection |
|
|
Term
4 S & S of
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS |
|
Definition
1. Symptoms related to decreased CALCIUM (Hyperactive DTR's, Numbness & Seizures)
2. Respiratory DEPRESSION
3. TACHYCARDIA
4. Symptoms of HYPOKALEMIA (Fatigue, anorexia, N & V, Muscle weakness) |
|
|
Term
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS is ALWAYS due to?
How do you treat it? |
|
Definition
1. HYPERVENTILATION
2. Correct the cause of the hyperventilation ;) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of renal plasma flow to the glomerulus is filtered into Bowman capsules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kernig's & Brudzinski's are signs of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are destroyed by TYPE I DM? |
|
Definition
Beta cells
&
Islet cells of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
| 4 "cardinal" signs of DIABETES? |
|
Definition
1. Polydipsia
2. Polyuria
3. Polyphagia
4. Weight Loss |
|
|
Term
COSTAL CARTILAGE
1. Class?
2. Benefits of having this cartilage? |
|
Definition
1. HYALINE cartilaginous joint (type of synchondrosis joint)
2. Slight movement at the synchondroses between the ribs & sternum allows the chest to move outward & upward during breathing |
|
|
Term
| The cornea should appear? |
|
Definition
| Smooth & Clear with no opacities (cloudiness) |
|
|
Term
1. How do CORNEAL ABRASIONS appear?
2. Most often caused by?
3. What does the patient feel? |
|
Definition
1. Irregular ridges in reflected light, producing a shattered look to light rays
2. Most common result of blunt eye injury
3. Pt. feels intense pain, a foreign body sensation, lacrimation, photophobia & redness |
|
|
Term
SYNCRONDROSIS JOINT
1. Definition
2. Example? |
|
Definition
1. Type of CARTILAGINOUS JOINT in which HYALINE cartilage, rather than fibrocartilage connects two bones together.
2. Example: Joints between ribs & sternum (Costal Cartilage) |
|
|
Term
PHORIA
vs.
TROPIA
(Hint: eye ailments)
-How are they tested for? |
|
Definition
PHORIA - mild weakness noted only when binocular fusion is blocked
TROPIA - more severe; a constant malalignment of the eyes
*Tested with COVER TEST* |
|
|
Term
*med card*
PROTONIX
1. Class
2. Uses/Action
3. Common S/E's
4. Adverse S/E's |
|
Definition
1. Proton Pump Inhibitor
2. GERD, Erosive Esophagitis; Drug suppresses gastric acid pump secretions
3. Diarrhea, Flatulence, Headache
4. Angioedema |
|
|
Term
| Where does FETAL HEMATOPOIESIS occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fewer than _____ Fetal Movements in an hour warrants a non-stress test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (JRA)?
What is it aka? |
|
Definition
A chronic AUTOIMMUNE inflammatory disease causing inflammation of joints & other tissues with an unknown cause.
-AKA Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by? |
|
Definition
Chronic inflammation of the SYNOVIUM w/ JOINT EFFUSION and eventual erosion, destruction, and fibrosis of the articular cartilage.
ADHESIONS between joint surfaces and ANKYLOSIS of joints can occur. |
|
|
Term
JIA/JRA
1. Who gets it?
2. Peak onset? |
|
Definition
1. Twice as many GIRLS as boys are affected.
2. Peak onset between 1 and 3 years of age.
*It will always start before age 16 |
|
|
Term
| Ultimate goal of treatment for JIA/JRA? |
|
Definition
| To preserve function and prevent deformity |
|
|
Term
| Excellent form of physical therapy for kids with JIA/JRA? |
|
Definition
| Exercising in a pool because it allows freedom of movement with support and minimal gravitational pull |
|
|
Term
*O/B med card*
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
1. Use?
2. Antidote?
3. Signs of Toxicity? |
|
Definition
1. PIH, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia - used to prevent seizures.
2. Antidote - Calcium gluconate
3. S & S toxicity - Resp's less than 12/min, loss of DTR's, decreased urinary output = less than 30 cc/hr, decreased LOC |
|
|
Term
| How does aging affect the GI system? |
|
Definition
| There is gastric atrophy and the acid content of gastric juice may be reduced. |
|
|
Term
| What tongue abnormality produces chalky, white, thick, raised patches/lesions that are precancerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a healthy person, CAPILLARY REFILL SHOULD OCCUR? |
|
Definition
| Instantaneously or within 1 second |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys receive ___ to ___ % of cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The key diagnostic sign of
NEPHRITIC SYNDROME |
|
Definition
| The excretion of 3.5 g or more of PROTEIN IN URINE |
|
|
Term
| CLUBBING can occur with what 3 conditions/diseases? |
|
Definition
1. Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease
2. COPD (emphysema)
3. Chronic Bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| Basophils are similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
EOSINOPHILS
1. Describe
2. Contain/Function? |
|
Definition
1. A WHITE Blood Cell that contain granules which contain powerful biochemical mediators.
2. Eosinophil granules contain enzymes (spec. histaminase) that helps to control inflammatory process
-Involved in TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions, ASTHMA, and defense against parasites. |
|
|
Term
WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES
1. A.K.A.
2. Why the given A.K.A.? |
|
Definition
1. 1st MESSENGERS
2. Water soluble hormones carry the message to the target cell, then interact with receptors on the target cell which then initiates a signal to generate a 2nd message inside the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Congenital defect*
Urethral meatus opens on ventral side of glans, shaft, or at the penoscrotal junction. |
|
|
Term
1. Name for the GROUP of Facial Sinuses?
2. Name each sinus of the facial group? |
|
Definition
1. Group Name: PARANASAL SINUSES
2. There are 4:
I. Frontal Sinuses
II. Maxillary Sinuses
III. Ethmoid Sinuses
IV. Sphenoid Sinuses |
|
|
Term
Hormonal Manifestations
of
ADDISON'S (2) |
|
Definition
1. Inadequate corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid synthesis
2. Elevated ACTH levels |
|
|
Term
4 Phrases of the
UTERINE CYCLE |
|
Definition
1. Menstrual (days 1-6)
2. Proliferative (days 7-14)
3. Secretory (days 15-26)
4. Ischemic (days 27-28) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Death Rate of Infants in the FIRST 28 DAYS of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sum of FETAL and NEONATAL Rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
Clinical Symptoms of
GRIEF |
|
Definition
Same as stress signs/symptoms:
Verbalizing Loss
Crying
Sleep Disturbance
Loss of Appetite
Difficulty Concentrating |
|
|
Term
3 "Classic" Signs of
MOLAR PREGNANCY |
|
Definition
1. Uterine enlargement greater than gestational age
2. Brownish, bright red, or "PRUNE JUICE" colored vaginal bleeding
3. Increased levels of hCG |
|
|
Term
PAPULE
1. Describe
2. Examples (4) |
|
Definition
1. Something you can feel; solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1 cm in diameter caused by superficial thickening of epidermis
2. Elevated nevus (mole), Lichen planus, Molluscum, and Verruca (wart) |
|
|
Term
| Normal Corneal Light Reflex should be in the _______ ______ spot in both eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asymmetry of the corneal light reflex indicates? |
|
Definition
| Deviation in alignment from EYE MUSCLE WEAKNESS or PARALYSIS |
|
|
Term
| How is the secretion of ADH regulated? |
|
Definition
| Primarily by osmoreceptors of the HYPOTHALAMUS, as plasma osmolality increases, the hypothalamus signals the POSTERIOR PITUITARY to secrete more ADH |
|
|
Term
| Urine Output of Less Than 30 mL/hr is considered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a possible side effect of STATIN drugs and can cause RENAL FAILURE.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4 signs of
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK? |
|
Definition
1. Low B/P
2. Heart rate must be rapid
3. Weak, thready pulse
4. Rapid & shallow breathing |
|
|
Term
Who wrote the
GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Where does the trachea bifurcate?
2. A.K.A.? |
|
Definition
1. Anteriorly at the sternal angle
2. Angle of Louis |
|
|
Term
S1 is produced by?
And coincides with? |
|
Definition
S1 is produced by the closure of the MITRAL VALVE
It coincides with the carotid artery pulse |
|
|
Term
| A DULL percussion note over a LUNG likely means? |
|
Definition
| Increased density (CONSOLIDATION) of lung tissue |
|
|
Term
Who wrote the
HUMAN CARING THEORY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who wrote the
HUMAN CARING THEORY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
S & S of an
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY? (4) |
|
Definition
1. Sharp, UNILATERAL pain & syncope
2. Referred shoulder pain
3. Lower abdominal pain
4. Vaginal bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for implantation of a fertilized ovum in a site other than the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common site(s) of an ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
1. FALLOPIAN TUBES
2. Ovaries
3. Cervix |
|
|
Term
| 2 main complications of abortion |
|
Definition
1. Hemorrhage (more common with late abortions)
2. Infection (septic abortion, seen most common with criminal abortions) |
|
|
Term
S & S of
SPONTANEOUS ABORTION (3) |
|
Definition
1. Brown vaginal discharge
2. Pelvic cramping &/or backache
3. Pt.'s report of not feeling pregnant anymore -> no more breast sensitivity, nausea, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Miscarriages occur in ___-____% of pregnancies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of
SPONTANEOUS ABORTION (3) |
|
Definition
1. THREATENED - CERVIX IS NOT DILATED & placenta is still attached to uterine wall but some bleeding occurs, with or without cramping
2. IMMINENT/INEVITABLE - Placenta has separated from uterine wall & the internal os of the CERVIX HAS DILATED; amount of bleeding increased
3. INCOMPLETE - Passage of a portion of products of conception from the uterus |
|
|
Term
Pharmaceutical treatments for
CANDIDIASIS? |
|
Definition
AZOLE drugs or NYSTATIN cream
(tablets or suppositories) |
|
|
Term
Goal of therapy for an
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY |
|
Definition
| Preserve the tube so she can get pregnant again |
|
|
Term
| The term ABORTION applies to expulsion of a fetus less than ___ weeks and/or ___ grams |
|
Definition
| Before 20 weeks and/or less than 500 grams |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common reasons for bleeding early in pregnancy |
|
Definition
1. Spontaneous abortion
2. Hydatidiform mole
3. Ectopic pregnancy |
|
|
Term
CALCIUM GLUCONATE
1. Used for?
2. Controls? |
|
Definition
1. Dangerously high K+ levels
2. Helps control adverse heart rhythms - BUT does not reduce K+ levels |
|
|
Term
| How must KAYEXALATE be given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
KAYEXALATE
1. Used for?
2. Action? |
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Definition
1. Used for hyperkalemia
2. Moves K+ from the blood to intestine to be excreted |
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Term
| When are patients who take LITHIUM at risk for toxicity (other than OD)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Regulates water excretion from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration of SOLUTES in body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy |
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Term
| What is the vaccine given for HPV? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the blood vessels of the kidneys innervated? |
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Definition
| By the autonomic nervous system through sympathetic fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
T4 = Thyroxine
T3 = Trilodo-L-thyronine |
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Term
EXOPHTHALMOS
VS.
ENOPHTHALMOS |
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Definition
Exophthalmos = PROTRUDING eyes
Enophthalmos = SUNKEN eyes |
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Term
| When testing the XI Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve, patient should be able to do what? |
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Definition
| Move head, and move head against resistance |
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Term
3 Types of
GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE? |
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Definition
1. HYDATIDIFORM MOLE (Molar Pregnancy)
2. INVASIVE MOLE
3. CHORIOCARCINOMA |
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Term
| The most useful clinical estimation of GFR is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Infants with low set ears may have? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a child has known GU DYSFUNCTION, what are two important nursing interventions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Delirium - characterized by a disturbances of consciousness & a change in cognition that develops over a SHORT PERIOD OF TIME
Dementia - characterized by multiple cognitive deficits that include impairment in MEMORY. |
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Term
| 3 causes of death that occur in 50% of patients with untreated Cushing's disease? |
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Definition
1. Infection
2. Suicide
3. Complications from arteriosclerosis &/or HTN |
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Term
| 7 assessments to make prior to medication administration (short hand sytle) |
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Definition
1. Allergies
2. Ability to swallow
3. Presence of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
4. Drug actions, side/adverse effects, interactions with other drugs
5. Patient knowledge
6. Labs, Vital signs, etc.
7. Determine should the med be given or withheld? |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in urine output caused by excretion of substances like glucose, contrast dyes. |
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Term
| What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives shape and configuration to the chest wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| POLYCYTHEMIA is diagnosed when.... |
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Definition
| Hematocrit levels are greater than 65% |
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Term
How often should Fetal Heart Rate Assessments take place in a low-risk labor/birth?
1) In the latent stage:
2) In the active stage:
3) In the 2nd stage: |
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Definition
1. Latent stage: every 60 minutes
2. Active stage: every 30 minutes
3. 2nd stage: every 15 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nasal flaring
2. Anxiety
3. Hypotension
4. Chest pain made worse by coughing or deep breathing
5. Tachypnea
6. Tachycardia
7. Hyperresonance to percussion
8. Subcutaneous emphysema - "crackles" in skin
9. Decreased lung sounds |
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Term
| How is chest pain from PERICARDITIS relieved? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pain relievers are used with PERICARDITIS? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Percutaneous Coronary Interventions & what diseases/conditions are they used for? |
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Definition
1. CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY - Angina/CAD
2. PTCA (PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY) - Angina, CAD, MI
3. CORONARY ARTERY STENT - Angina, Acute MI, CAD |
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Term
| Why are Permanent Pacemakers implanted into patients? (What do they do?) |
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Definition
Generate a pulse by providing electrical stimulus to the heart.
A.K.A. Pulse generator |
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Term
PaC02 & pH levels that =
ACIDOSIS |
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Definition
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Term
A patient with
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
will present with? |
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Definition
PANTING
- due to hyperventilation (panting leads to exhaling excess amounts of C02) |
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Term
| If a patient has Coronary Artery Disease & Diabetes, their HgbA1C levels should be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the B/P Goal for patients with any of these: CAD, Heart Failure, Diabetes, Kidney Disease |
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Definition
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Term
What is it called when a person's B/P falls as they inhale deeply?
What could it be a sign of? |
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Definition
PULSUS PARADOXES
Can be a sign of PERICARDIAL EFFUSION |
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Term
How is
CONTRACTILITY
measured? |
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Definition
| Estimated by Stroke Volume Index and the Ejection Fraction |
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Term
INDOCIN
1. What class?
2. Used for? |
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Definition
1. NSAID
2. Used for inflammation and pain caused by pericardial or pulmonary effusion |
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Term
| This measurement reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart (via vena cava) and the heart's ability to pump blood back into the arterial system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Med's used with patients with decreased cardiac output? (3 types) |
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Definition
1. Afterload reducers
2. Vasopressors
3. Beta Blockers |
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Term
| Where must the transducer of a hemodynamic monitor be placed (when zero'ing) |
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Definition
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Term
Why is DIGOXIN used for heart failure?
(ie. what are it's actions on the body) |
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Definition
| Digoxin increases the strength of contractions and tends to slow the heart rate. It reduces symptoms and improves ability to live with the condition. |
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Term
| 2 common side of effects of PACEMAKER implantation? |
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Definition
1. Bruising on chest
2. Vessel damage |
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Term
| ACE drugs are _______________ & commonly used for patients with _________ ________. |
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Definition
| Vasodilators / Heart Failure |
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Term
| Vasotec, Prinivil, Zestril, and Capoten are all what class of Drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term used to describe the ease of elasticity, expandability, & distendability of the lungs & thoracic structures? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the most important
ASSESSMENT to make to determine treatment for a patient with chest pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| COZAAR & DIOVAN are what class of drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do some patients with heart failure get prescribed an ARB versus an ACE? |
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Definition
| ARB's have the same benefits as an ACE but don't cause a cough. |
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Term
What may be used as an indicator of
OVERALL cardiac functioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with conditions that cause excess pressure on the lungs (Asthma, COPD, Cystic fibrosis, Pertussis, TB, etc) are at increased risk for: |
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Definition
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Term
4 possible complications of
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARIUM |
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Definition
1. Dehydration
2. Electrolyte Imbalance
3. Severe Weight Loss
4. Metabolic Alkalosis |
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Term
1. What is the most common HIV Medication used for Pregnant women?
2. How often is it taken in the prenatal period?
3. How is it given during labor?
4. After the baby is delivered, how long does the infant take it? |
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Definition
1. ZDV
2. Mom Prenatal - Daily
3. Mom Labor - IV
4. Infant - 8-12 hrs. after birth up to 6 weeks |
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Term
What deficiency will
ALCOHOLICS
commonly have? |
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Definition
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Term
PHORIA
VS.
TROPIA
& How are diagnosed/tested for? |
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Definition
PHORIA - Mild weakness noted when fusion is blocked
TROPIA - More severe; a constant malalignment of the eyes
*The COVER TEST is used to identify |
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Term
SYNCHONDROSIS
JOINT
1. Define
2. Example |
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Definition
1. A type of cartilaginous joint, in which HYALINE cartilage, rather than fibrocartilage connects to bone
2. Ex: Joints between ribs & sternum (Costal Cartilage) |
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Term
1. What does a CORNEAL ABRASION cause?
2. Most often caused by?
3. What does the patient feel? |
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Definition
1. Irregular ridges in reflected light, producing a shattered look to light rays.
2. Most common result of BLUNT eye INJURY
3. Feels intense pain, a foreign body sensation, lacrimation, photophobia & redness |
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Term
The CORNEA should be
_______ and __________
with no _________ |
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Definition
SMOOTH & CLEAR with
NO OPACITIES (cloudiness) |
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Term
COSTAL CARTILAGE
1. Made of? Type of Joint?
2. Benefits of? |
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Definition
1. Made of HYALINE CARTILAGE, a type of SYNCHONDROSIS joint.
2. The slight movement of the synchondroses joints between the ribs and the sternum allows the chest to move outward and upward during breathing. |
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Term
The 4 INITIAL S & S
of
DM TYPE I |
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Definition
1. Polydipsia
2. Polyuria
3. Polyphagia
4. Weight Loss |
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Term
Which cells are destroyed in
TYPE I DM? |
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Definition
BETA CELLS &
ISLET CELLS OF LANGERHANS |
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Term
KERNIG's & BRUDZINSKI's
are signs of which
disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which organs/structures of the body would EDEMA be life threatening (common)? |
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Definition
1. LARYNX
2. BRAIN
3. LUNGS |
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Term
| CANCER CELLS are also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____% of Renal Plasma Flow to the Glomerulus is filtered into the Bowman Capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
is always due to?
*How do you treat it? |
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Definition
1. HYPERVENTILATION
2. Correct the cause of Hyperventilation |
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Term
4 S & S of
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS |
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Definition
1. Hyper DTR's, numbness, seizures
(S & S related to decreased CALCIUM)
2. Respiratory Depression
3. Tachycardia
4. Fatigue, Anorexia, N & V, Muscle Weakness (S & S of Hypokalemia) |
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Term
LYMPHEDEMA
1. What is it caused by?
2. Describe?
3. Can be a side effect of what?
4. AKA in some scenarios? |
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Definition
1. LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION
2. A condition of localized fluid retention due to poorly developed or missing lymph nodes
3. Can be a side effect of breast cancer surgery or radiation therapy
4. AKA ELEPHANTIASIS |
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Term
12 BASIC
POST-OP
Nursing Interventions? |
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Definition
1. Administer Volume Replacement therapy as needed.
2. Take VITALS Q15MIN for 1st hour post-op
3. Turn pt. to side (if not contraindicated) to promote drainage & prevent aspiration.
4. Administer ANTI-EMETICS
5. Turn, cough, deep-breathing Q2H
6. Encourage YAWNING (lung expansion)
7. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER
8. Raise HOB
9. Early AMBULATION
10. PREVENTATIVE pain relief
11. Monitor I & O
12. Medical Nutritional Therapy |
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Term
Why are SURGICAL CATHETERS/DRAINS
removed ASAP? |
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Definition
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Term
In O2 Therapy, the
___________ is more important than
the _______ _______-______-______ |
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Definition
| The CONCENTRATION is more important than the LITER FLOW-PER-MINUTE |
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Term
THE 3 MOST COMMON
POST-OP
RESPIRATORY COMPLICATIONS? |
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Definition
1. ATELECTASIS
2. PNEUMONIA
3. HYPOXEMIA |
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Term
Name 4 Diseases/Conditions that can affect
HOMEOSTASIS? |
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Definition
1. HEART FAILURE
2. DIABETES
3. DEHYDRATION
4. Any disease caused by TOXINS in the BLOOD |
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Term
Any changes in these 2 systems (mechanisms) can affect
HOMEOSTASIS |
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Definition
1. Fluid & Electrolyte balance
2. Acid/Base balance |
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Term
Average DAILY URINE OUTPUT
(adult) |
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Definition
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Term
Most common cause of
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
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Term
8 S & S of
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
1. Headache
2. Confusion
3. Drowsiness
4. Increased Respiratory Rate & Depth
5. Decreased B/P
6. Decreased Cardiac Output
7. Dysrhythmias
8. Shock |
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Term
What test determines the presence of
glucose in blood or urine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| If there is loss or damage to the NEPHRONS |
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Term
|
Definition
| RENAL CALCULUS (that is causing an obstruction) |
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Term
What lab provides a good indicator of
RENAL FUNCTION? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the MOST COMMON type of
RENAL STONE? |
|
Definition
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Term
FLANK PAIN & FEVER
are signs of? |
|
Definition
PYELONEPHRITIS -
Infection of renal pelvis & interstitum; usually caused by E.Coli, Proteus or Pseudomonas |
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Term
In monitoring the effectiveness of
LONG-TERM Glucose Regulation
(Diabetic Therapy), what lab is used as an indicator? |
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Definition
| HbA1C (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) |
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Term
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
1. Commonly affects what age group?
2. After what? |
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Definition
1. Children
2. After a STREP INFECTION (esp. IMPETIGO of the skin or PHARYNGITIS of the throat) |
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Term
What is produced in
UNCONTROLLED DIABETES or FASTING? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| RBC's get their energy from? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Provide Structural Components
2. Transport Substances in the Bloodstream
3. Catalyst Reactions in the Cell |
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Term
Fat Soluble Vitamins
vs.
Water Soluble Vitamins |
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Definition
FAT SOLUBLE - Vit's A & D
WATER SOLUBLE - Vit's C & B |
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Term
1. FAT digestion begins in?
2. PROTEIN digestion begins in? |
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Definition
1. FAT digestion begins in the SMALL INTESTINE
2. PROTEIN digestion begins in the STOMACH |
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Term
Respiratory Center of the
Brain |
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Definition
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|
Term
5 Interventions to be done during and after an
ECV
(External Cephalic Version - Manually changing the baby's position from side-lying/breech to a head down position) |
|
Definition
1. Continuous FHR assessment during procedure
2. Provide psychological support (reassurance & explanation of procedure)
3. Monitor maternal B/P & pulse every 2 min's for duration of tocolytic administration & about 30 minutes after it's been d/c'd.
4. Continually monitor FHR for 1-2 hours after procedure is finished.
5. Assess fetal-maternal response to tocolytic |
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Term
How is secretion of
ADH
regulated? |
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Definition
| Primarily by osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus, as plasma osmolality increases, the hypothalamus signals the POSTERIOR PITUITARY to secrete more ADH. |
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|
Term
Duchenne & Becker
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY -
Why do they occur? |
|
Definition
| They are a result of MUTATIONS of the GENE that codes DYSTROPHIN, a protein product in skeletal muscle. It is absent in DMD & reduced/abnormal with Becker MD |
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|
Term
When do the S & S of
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
usually start to show in a child? |
|
Definition
| Usually during the 3rd - 7th year; evidenced by muscular weakness (difficulties in running, riding a bike & climbing are usually the first symptoms noted) |
|
|
Term
What are the PRIMARY & SECONDARY goals of treatment for children with
DMD? |
|
Definition
1. Primary - Maintaining optimal FUNCTION in all MUSCLES for as long as possible.
2. Secondary - PREVENTION of CONTRACTURES |
|
|
Term
| With DMD (Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy), what are the usual causes of death? |
|
Definition
RESPIRATORY TRACT FAILURE
or
CARDIAC FAILURE
*The disease will progress to affect the diaphragm & auxillary muscles of respiration & cardiovascular involvement |
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|
Term
ANP
1. Stands for?
2. Released where & why?
3. What does it do? |
|
Definition
1. ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
2. Released from cells in the atrium of the heart in response to excess blood volume.
3. Decreased B/P & Blood volume, promotes NA+ wasting & acts as a potent diuretic |
|
|
Term
In children, how is
BLADDER CAPACITY
determined? |
|
Definition
| Age in years + 2 = Ounces of bladder capacity |
|
|
Term
Normal Ranges for
SPECIFIC GRAVITY |
|
Definition
Adult: 1.016 - 1.022
Newborn: 1.001 - 1.020 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1 g of wet diaper =
how many mL of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Principle cause of
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOUSIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the main site of
ALDOSTERONE
synthesis? |
|
Definition
The ZONA GLOMERULOSA
(outer layer of the adrenal cortex) |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of tissues that breast are composed of? |
|
Definition
1. GLANDULAR tissue - site of MILK production
2. FIBROUS tissue - includes suspensory ligaments which support the breast tissues.
3. ADIPOSE tissue - provide bulk of the breast |
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Term
PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION
(Briefly describe) |
|
Definition
Tensing & releasing muscles in sequence and sensing the difference in feeling.
*First, have the patient do the whole body, then specific muscle groups
*Works best lying down in a quiet room, breathing easily |
|
|
Term
What is responsible for maintaining
HOMEOSTASIS by controlling the
CHEMICAL CONSISTENCY of the internal body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the
BLADDER |
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