Term
| In all land plants, the gametophyte haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deleterious mutations are eliminated more quickly in populations that are haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the antheridia of moss do? |
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Definition
| It is the structure that releases sperm. |
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Term
| What does the archegonium of moss do? |
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Definition
| Produces and houses the egg and zygote. |
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Term
| What do mature moss sporophytes grow atop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does meiosis happen in moss? |
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Definition
| Capsule part of the sporophyte. |
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Term
| What is a benefit of Sphagnum wetlands? |
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Definition
| The storage of carbon affects global temperature by reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. |
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Term
| What wetland moss genum is especially widespread? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ultimate goal of every living thing? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the life cycle of ferns compared to that of mosses? |
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Definition
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Term
| The life cycle of ferns is dominated by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the spots on the underside of fern leaves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of sporangia that look like spots on the underside of fern leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is the gametophyte more or less dominant in seed plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two derived traits of seedless vascular plants? |
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Definition
| Conduct water through xylem. transport sugars through phloem. |
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Term
| What is xylem strengthened by? Why is this important? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three examples of lycophyta? |
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Definition
| Club "mosses", spike "mosses", and quillworts. |
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Term
| What are three examples of pterophyta? |
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Definition
| Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. |
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Term
| What do the roots of lycophyta mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the roots of pterophyta mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the roots of antheridia mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the roots of archegonium mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four things life must do to ensure they will be able to reproduce? |
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Definition
| Eat, grow, avoid dying, encounter mates. |
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Term
| What organisms does natural selection favor? |
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Definition
| Those that are the best at living under current conditions. |
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Term
| What likely reflect some traits of the earliest plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are walled spores produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are multicellular reproductive structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are linear growth from root and shoot tips? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are deleterious mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What populations are deleterious mutations eliminated more quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two costs of haploidy? |
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Definition
| All deleterious mutations are exposed. Higher death rate. |
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Term
| What are three benefits of diploidy? |
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Definition
| Spare allele protects against deleterious mutations. Greater genetic diversity brings faster adaptations to new environments. Crossing over during meiosis can bring beneficial alleles together. |
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Term
| What are two costs of diploidy? |
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Definition
| Double mutation rate so both beneficial and deleterious mutations are more likely. Nutritional demands are higher with greater DNA content (cells are often larger). |
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Term
| Why do ploidy cycles give a better chance to exploit resources? |
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Definition
| Haploid and diploid phases may live in different ecological conditions. |
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Term
| Which spores may spread far? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which spores may have a higher survival rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the roots of gametophyte mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the roots of sporophyte mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ploidy are a gametophyte's gametes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are gametophyte gametes produced by meiosis or mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do gametophytes reproduce? |
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Definition
| Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. |
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Term
| What ploidy is a sporophyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do sporophytes produce spores? Are they haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do sporophyte's spores grow into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three phyla of non-vascular plants? What is their phylum? |
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Definition
| Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Brypophyta. |
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Term
| What is the dominant stage for non-vascular plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do non vascular plants look like? Why? |
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Definition
| Ground-hugging carpet. They have weak tissues and no vascular tubes to transport water and nutrients. |
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Term
| How are non-vascular plants usually divided? |
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Definition
| Male and female gametophytes. |
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Term
| Is the sporophyte or the gametophyte usually higher on non-vascular plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were four key features of seed plant evolution? |
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Definition
| Increased dominance of the sporophyte, airborne pollen eliminate need for gametes to swim through water, emergence of male and female gametophytes, and seeds. |
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Term
| In seed plants, what is important about the appearance of the gametophyte stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four reasons seeds are beneficial? |
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Definition
| Resistant to harsh conditions, can be dormant until the environment is favorable, allows for wide dispersal, nourish sporophyte during germination and early growth. |
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Term
| How does the multicellular embryo growth of a fern contrast to the multicellular embryo growth of a seed plant? |
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Definition
| In ferns, it grows ON the gametophyte. In seed plants, it grows INDEPENDENTLY. |
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Term
| What do the roots of "gymnosperm" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a megasporangium? |
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Definition
| Diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis). |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte, including the egg and nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the ovule of gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| Megasporangium+megaspore wrapped in sporophyte protective cover (integument). |
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Term
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Definition
| The layers of sporophyte tissue that envelopes and protects the megasporangium. |
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Term
| What is a microsporangium? |
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Definition
| Diploid tissue where haploid microspores are formed (meiosis). |
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Term
| What do microspores develop into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does pollen contain? |
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Definition
| Male gametophyte within the tough pollen wall. |
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Term
| Where is the gametophyte dominant? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do bryophytes fertilize compared to gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| Bryophytes: water. Gymnosperms: air. |
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Term
| What grows, digesting through the megasporangium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when the pollen tube reaches the egg nucleus? |
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Definition
| It discharges sperm nucleus into the egg nucleus of female gametophyte. |
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Term
| What is a gymnosperm embryo? |
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Definition
| A sporophyte that develops, then pauses. |
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Term
| Is the gymnosperm embryo haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What surrounds the gymnosperm embryo? |
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Definition
| Female gametophyte tissue that provides food reserves. |
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|
Term
| Is the megasporangium haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is the megaspore haploid or diploid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where are pollen grains produced? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five examples of coniferophyta? |
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Definition
| Fir, pine, larch, juniper, sequoia. |
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Term
| What are two features of cycadophyta? |
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Definition
| Palm-like leaves with large cones. |
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Term
| What is the odd gymnosperm phyla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does "dioecious" mean? |
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Definition
| Seperate male and female plants. |
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Term
| What is an example of gymnosperms that are dioecious? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the #1 source of wood in North America? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What gymnosperm is among the oldest species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gymnosperm is among the largest organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gymnosperm's berries are used in the production of gin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gymnosperm has leaves like palms? (But palms are angiosperms.) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are attractive gymnosperms who some allege can help memory if taken daily? This is also stinky when its seeds rot. |
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Definition
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Term
| What gymnosperm is used to make "Morman Tea?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gymnosperm species that is just plain weird? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does "angiosperm" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a mature ovary and sometimes other flower parts? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A sac where microspores develop into pollen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stalk that holds up the anther. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anther and filament together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Megasporangium. (Megaspore+integument.) |
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|
Term
| What contains one or more ovules? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the sticky surface that receives pollen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the stalk that connects stigma to the ovary? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Stigma, style, and ovary together. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Enclose the flower before it opens. Usually green. |
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|
Term
| What does a "perfect flower" refer to? |
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Definition
| A flower with all the parts. |
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|
Term
| Where in the angiosperm would you find the megasporangium? |
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Definition
| Within an ovule, contained within a flower. |
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|
Term
| How many male gametophytes are in pollen and what ploidy are they? What are their names? |
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Definition
| 2 haploid cells. Generative cell and the tube cell. |
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|
Term
| What does the generative cell do? |
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Definition
| Divides and forms 2 sperm. |
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|
Term
| What does a tube cell do? |
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Definition
| Produces the pollen tube. |
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|
Term
| What does mitotic division of the haploid megaspore create? |
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Definition
| Egg (haploid), and central cell (two nuclei from mitosis without cytokinesis). |
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|
Term
| During angiosperm pollination, what do the two sperm do? |
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Definition
| One fertilizes the egg and one fertilizes the central cell. |
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|
Term
| What ploidy is the endosperm? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the endosperm do? |
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Definition
| Provides nutrients to the embryo when it germinates. |
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|
Term
| What is the leaf present in the embryo? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does greater specialization allow plant traits to do? |
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Definition
| More closely match environment. |
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|
Term
| What does high angiosperm diversity suggest? |
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Definition
| Angiosperm style of life has successfully specialized in many unique environments. |
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|
Term
| What are three examples of basal angiosperms? |
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Definition
| Ambroella, water lilies, and star anise. |
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|
Term
| What was once thought to be a dicot? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What angiosperm can reach a foot in diameter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are six features of monocots? |
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Definition
| Usually have one cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissue scattered through stem, fibrous roots (lack main root), pollen grain has single opening, and floral organs are in multiples of three. |
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|
Term
| What is one of the most species rich group of angiosperm? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are six features of eudicots (true+dicots)? |
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Definition
| Two cotyledons, net-like veins, vascular tissues arranged in a ring, roots include a main taproot, pollen grains with three openings, and floral organs are in multiples of 4 or 5. |
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|
Term
| What family are apples from? |
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Definition
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