Term
| What is the fundamental control system of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carries out commands of action given by the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carries information into the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are sensory receptors located? |
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Definition
| Outside the central nervous system in the periphery. |
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Term
| What is the processing of sensory information and the selection of a response called? Where does it occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does motor output originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the response to motor output signals from the CNS occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three basic functions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Sensory input, integration, and motor output. |
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Term
| What is another name for neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sites that electrical signals are transferred among neurons called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major regions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the CNS consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the PNS consist of? |
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Definition
| The portion of the nervous system located outside of the CNS. |
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Term
| What two types of information can nerves in the PNS carry? |
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Definition
| Both sensory and motor information. |
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Term
| What are bundles of axons in the CNS called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major subdivisions of the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the sensory portion of the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Latin root of "afferent" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do somatic afferents do? |
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Definition
| Carry information TO the CNS about skin, skeletal muscles, and joints. |
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Term
| What do visceral afferents do? |
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Definition
| Carry information TO the CNS from organs such as the intestines. |
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Term
| What does the root "soma" (as in somatic afferents) mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the motor division of the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Latin root of "efferent" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What division of the PNS brings about a response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two subdivisions of the motor division of the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the somatic nervous system sometimes called? |
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Definition
| The voluntary nervous system. |
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Term
| What is the efferent nervous system sometimes called? |
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Definition
| The involuntary nervous system. |
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Term
| What consists of motor neurons that activate the skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system regulates activity in the organs such as the heart, lung, gut, bladder, and genitalia? |
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Definition
| Autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
| What are the two systems that the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
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Term
| What tends to increase the activity of an organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tends to decrease the activity of an organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five regions of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
| Spinal cord, brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most caudal part of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the spinal cord do? |
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Definition
| Controls movement of the limb and trunk and receives sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles of the limb and trunk. |
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Term
| What is an extension of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for the skin and muscles of the head? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do cranial nerves originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the diencephalon contain? |
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Definition
| Thalamus and hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What is the function of the thalamus? |
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Definition
| Relay site for information going to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Controls various autonomic, endocrine, and visceral functions. |
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Term
| What are the four lobes of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
| Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. |
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Term
| What is the spinal cord encased in? |
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Definition
| A bony column of vertebrae that provide protection to the cord and yet permit mobility. |
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Term
| What is the spinal cord surrounded by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Pia mater, arachnoid, and the dura mater. |
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Term
| What does pia mater mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does dura mater mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What meningeal layer lies directly on the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a separate meningeal layer that is connected to the pia by spider-like processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What meningeal layer lies above the arachnoid and is a tough layer surrounding the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is at the center of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the central canal? |
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Definition
| The center of the spinal cord which is a continuation of the ventricular system in the brain. |
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Term
| What are the two most easily distinguished regions in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Gray matter and white matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of cell bodies and unmyelinated processes. |
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Term
| What comprises white matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is white matter white? |
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Definition
| Because it is composed of myelinated axons. Myelin contains large amounts of lipid that acts as an electrical insulating layer for the axon. |
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Term
| What does the dorsal horn contain? |
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Definition
| the cell bodies and dendrites of interneurons that are important for processing sensory (afferent) information coming from the periphery and going into the CNS. |
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Term
| What does the ventral horn contain? |
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Definition
| The cell bodies and dendrites of lower motor neurons. |
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Term
| What are lower motor neurons? |
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Definition
| Neurons that synapse on muscle fibers and cause them to contract. Some of these neurons innervate somatic muscles and some innervate visceral muscles. |
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Term
| Where do lower motor neurons exit the CNS? |
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Definition
| Through the ventral roots. |
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Term
| What do ventral roots contain? |
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Definition
| Myelinated axons of motor neurons that innervate both somatic and visceral muscles. |
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Term
| Which direction does information flow in the ventral roots? |
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Definition
| Away from the CNS (efferent). |
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Term
| What direction does information flow in the dorsal roots? |
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Definition
| Toward the CNS (afferent). |
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Term
| What do dorsal roots contain? |
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Definition
| Sensory neurons carrying information toward the CNS. |
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Term
| Where are cell bodies of neurons with processes entering the CNS through the dorsal horn located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the dorsal root ganglion located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does afferent information entering the right hand side of the cord make its way to? |
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Definition
| The left cerebral hemisphere. |
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Term
| Where does afferent information entering the left hand side of the cord make its way to? |
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Definition
| The right cerebral hemisphere. |
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Term
| What is the pathway from sensory input to motor output from the periphery to the brain and back to the muscles? (6 steps) |
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Definition
1. Sensory receptors initiate a response in the sensory neuron that conducts toward the central nervous system in a spinal nerve.
2. The sensory information enters the central nervous system through the dorsal root and the central process of the dorsal root ganglion neuron extends into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
3. For one form of sensory information (light touch or joint position) the sensory neuron travels rostrally in the spinal cord and forms a synapse in the brain stem where it communicates with an interneuron that sends a process to the thalamus. In the thalamus, this neuron synapses onto nerve cells that extend process to the cerebral cortex. Specifically, these thalamic neurons send processes to the primary somatosensory cortex, which is located in the rostral portion of the parietal lobe, just caudal to the central sulcus.
4. Association neurons (also known as interneurons) send processes from the sensory cortex to association areas in the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe. The association areas interpret the sensory information and send information to the motor and premotor areas.
5. Upper motor neurons are located in the primary motor cortex and receive information from the association regions. Upper motor neurons extend descending processes carrying efferent information down the corticospinal tracts to synapse on the lower motor neurons.
6. Activation of the lower motor neurons leads to the contraction of muscles and the initiation of movement. |
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Term
| What are the three major regions of neurons? |
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Definition
| Input, conductile, and output. |
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Term
| What occurs in the input region of a neuron? |
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Definition
| Sensory signals are transduced or synaptic signals are generated. |
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Term
| What occurs in the conductile region of a neuron? |
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Definition
| All or nothing action potentials propagate without decrement. |
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Term
| What occurs in the output region of a neuron? |
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Definition
| It is the region where a neuron releases neurotransmitter and communicates with nearby targets (neurons, muscle, or glands) at sites called synapses. |
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Term
| What is the Bodian classification of neurons? |
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Definition
| The functional categorization of neurons. (Input, conductile, output) |
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Term
| What initiates synaptic potentials in the postsynaptic cell? |
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Definition
| The binding of neurotransmitter to ligand-gated channels. |
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Term
| What occurs when an action potential reaches the output region of a neuron? Why does this occur |
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Definition
| An increase in intracellular positive charge resulting from the arrival of the action potential. Because the arrival of the actino potential opens voltage-gated CA2+ channels to admin CA2+ from the extracellular space. |
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Term
| What does the CA2+ influx http://www.flashcardmachine.com/my-flashcards/quick-editor.cgi?topic_id=2455405&row_offset=50caused by an action potential cause? |
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Definition
| The exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and the release of neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| In the sensory neuron, where is the cell body? Why is this important? |
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Definition
| It is part of the conductile region of the neuron. Action potentials propagate across its plasma membrane before reaching the CNS. |
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Term
| For the sensory neuron, where is the nuronal cell body located? |
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Definition
| In the dorsal root ganglion near the spinal cord. |
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Term
| For the motor neuron, the input region, conductile region, and output region correspond to what? |
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Definition
| The anatomical terms of dendrite/cell body, axon, and axon terminal. |
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Term
| What are the input/integrative regions of neurons nearly devoid of? |
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Definition
| Voltage-gated NA+ and K+ channels that are responsible for action potential initiation and conduction. |
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Term
| Where are voltage-gated NA+ and K+ channels that are responsible for action potential initiation and conduction mostly found? |
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Definition
| The conductile region and to a lesser extent in the output region. |
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Term
| What does it mean that neurons are amitotic? |
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Definition
| Once neurons mature, they never divide. |
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Term
| What are two other terms for the input region of a neuron? |
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Definition
| Receptive or dendritic region. |
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Term
| What are the three main regions of the neuron? |
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Definition
| Dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
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Term
| When are dendrites myelinated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do dendrites conduct? |
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Definition
| Graded potenials. Never action potentials. |
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Term
| Where is the neuron nucleus located and where does most of the protein synthesis occur in a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an elaborated form of rough ER found in neuron cell bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of action potential initiation in neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are all or none electrical signals that provide rapid communication in neurons over long distances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the end branches of axons that form axon terminals called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the secretory regions of the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of neurons? |
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Definition
| Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and associative (interneurons). |
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Term
| Where are interneurons confined? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons found? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many times more glial cells than neurons are there in the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did all neuronal and glial cells (except for microglial cells) originate? |
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Definition
| Embryologically as neuroectodermal cells. |
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Term
| What are the three types of glial cells in the CNS? |
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Definition
| Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells. |
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Term
| What are cells with many processes giving them a star-like appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cells with few branches? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cells that are through to be modified macrophages that are derived from a white blood cell called a monocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does oligo- -dendro mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are supporting cells in the CNS that are not usually categorized as glial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form an epithelium that lines the ventricles of the brain and are responsible for moving the cerebrospinal fluid with beating cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What glial cell is important in regulating the concentration of ions in the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ion concentration are astrocytes particularly important in regulating? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the electrical activity in cells of the CNS able to change the local concentration of extracellular ion? |
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Definition
| Because the volume of extracellular space is small. |
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Term
| What glial cells are important in regulating the concentration of neurotransmitters in the extracellular space? |
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Definition
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Term
| What glial cells are important in regulating the movement of substances between the CNS and blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are oligodendrocytes responsible for? |
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Definition
| Forming myelin sheaths around axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulating layes around neurons so that the action potentials can conduct more rapidly. |
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|
Term
| Why is white matter white? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What two types of supporting cells does the PNS contain? |
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Definition
| Schwann cells and satellite cells. |
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|
Term
| What are non-myelinating Schwann cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are satellite cells found? |
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Definition
| Surrounding the cell bodies of neurons in Ganglia. |
|
|
Term
| what are the myelin producing cells in the PNS? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is different about he way Schwann cells myelinate and the way oligodendrocytes myelinate? |
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Definition
| Schwann cells wrap single axons whereas oligodendrocytes can wrap several. |
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Term
| What cell type cleans up debris after peripheral nerve damage and supports regeneration of peripheral nerves? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What cell type inhibits regeneration in the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two places are ribosomes located in neurons? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does protein synthesis occur in neurons? |
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Definition
| On ribosomes in the cell body. |
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|
Term
| How fast is fast transport? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast is slow transport? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What moves vesicles from the cell body toward the axon terminal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What moves cytoskeletal components actin, tublin, and neurofilaments in neurons? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What three component types does slow transport move? |
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Definition
| Cytoskeletal components, cytoplasmic enzymes, and cytoplasmic proteins. |
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|
Term
| How are membrane bound proteins transported in neurons? |
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Definition
| Fast anterograde transport. |
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|
Term
| What moves vesicles toward the cell body? |
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Definition
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