Term
| Describe the types of benign breast disease. |
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Definition
1) Solitary cyst
2) Fibrocystic disease
3) Sclerosing adenosis
4) Complex sclerosing lesions/ radial scars
5) Solitary papilloma
6) Multiple papilloma
7) Periductal mastitis. |
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Term
| What are the clinical implications of atypical ductal hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| A moderately elevated risk of developing invasive carcinoma. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for breast cancer? |
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Definition
1) Female sex
2) Increasing age
3) Long interval between menarche and the menopause
4) Older age at first full-term pregnancy
5) Obesity
6) Previous breast cancer
7) Atypical ductal hyperplasia
8) Family history
9) Previous irradiation. |
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Term
| Which genes are related to breast cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a mammogram look for? |
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Definition
| Densities and calcification. |
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Term
| What are the clinical features of breast cancer? |
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Definition
1) May be asymptomatic
2) Pain (mastalgia)
3) Palpable mass
4) Nipple discharge/ retraction
5) Peau d'orange
6) Skin puckering/ tethering
7) Erythema
8) Axillary lymphadenopathy
9) Metastatic symptoms eg. bone pain. |
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Term
| What kinds of invasive carcinomas are there? |
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Definition
1) Infiltrating ductal of no special type
2) Infiltrating lobular
3) Mucinous
4) Tubular
5) Medullary
6) Papillary |
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Term
| Which criteria are used for tumour grading? |
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Definition
1) Tubule formation
2) Nuclear pleomorphism
3) Mitoses. |
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Term
| Which criteria are used for tumour staging? |
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Definition
1) T: extent of primary tumour
2) N: Extent of regional lymph node metastasis
3) M: Presence of distant metastasis. |
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Term
What treatment options are available if tumour receptor staining displays the following characteristics:
1) HER-2
2) Estrogen receptor
3) Progesterone receptor. |
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Definition
1) Herceptin
2) Aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen. |
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Term
| What is triple negative breast cancer and which ethnic groups are more susceptible to it? |
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Definition
| HER-2, ER & PR negative. More aggressive clinical behaviour and resistant to treatment. |
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Term
| What kind of tumours are those with a BRCA2 mutation? |
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Definition
| High-grade invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for male breast carcinoma? |
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Definition
1) First degree relative affected
2) Decreased testicular function eg. Kleinfelter's
3) Increasing age
4) Infertility
5) Obesity
6) Prior benign breast disease
7) Irradiation. |
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Term
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Definition
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