Term
| What word is the tip-off that people are discussing values and making a value judgment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do values enter our social life? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to sociologists, who creates values? |
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Definition
people in an organization (groups, formal organization, communities, societies),
it is cultural |
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Term
| Does everyone have values? |
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Definition
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Term
| Our decisions are based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Through life we interact and form values through _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tendency of a group of people to make value judgments about other people; tendency to believe that our ways are right and those without our ways are less right |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| that people believe their culture ("ethno") is central ("centrism") to the universe. |
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Term
| What are the five reasons that ethnocentrism arises? |
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Definition
1. social interaction
2. loyalty to an organization
3. creation of deviance
4. the want to rationalize our actions
5. social conflict and social power |
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Term
| Individuals who disagree with and violate a culture are called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What preserves ethnocentrism? |
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Definition
| reinforcement of the sacredness of our ways |
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Term
| Ethnocentrism becomes a _______ for evil. |
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Definition
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| _______ encourages ethnocentrism. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two things that create human differences? |
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Definition
| interaction & organization |
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Term
| A state of chronic suffering and unhappiness |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 things that sociologists look to as the sources of social problems begin misery? |
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Definition
-social inequality
-social conflict & breakdown of social order
-socialization
-alienation |
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Term
| separation of people from one another, from meaningful work, and from one's self |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 7 consequences of social inequality that are linked to misery? |
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Definition
-poverty
-crime
-bad jobs
-exploitation
-lack of self-worth
-stress
-institutions that produce & maintain misery |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What did Marx say about meaningful work and its relationship to misery? |
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Definition
| humans are creative, hardworking, productive being that need creative, meaningful work to participate & to be content |
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Term
| where each participant is influential, is important for all of us but difficult to determine who is influencing or who is being influenced |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Emile Durkheim's view on social patterns? |
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Definition
| they take on a life of their own, they exist "out there" some place invisible, real, external to us, influencing and even controlling us |
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Term
| What actions spontaneous or random? |
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Definition
| No, neither. They generally follow patterns laid out by strangers long dead |
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Term
| Is it possible for a person to have influence over his/her own life or the life of another? |
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Definition
possible if we are free, however we always act in a social context--doesn't leave room for individual freedom
-some do impact social patterns within the bounds of its social patterns
Ex. Gorbachev was exception-used social patterns to rise to top, then turned around and criticized the political structure he was leading |
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Term
| What are the 6 guiding principles that sociologists believe about social change? |
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Definition
-change exists in all social organizations
-change depends on social power
-change arises from social conflict
-change is most likely when the social situation favors it
-most lasting change results from social trends
-societies change but social patterns persist |
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Term
| the ability to achieve ones will in relation to others |
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Definition
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Term
| success is never guaranteed. What are the 4 outcomes possible? |
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Definition
-social patterns may not change
-social patterns may change, but in an unintended direction
-social patterns change in the direction desired
-social patterns change exactly as desired |
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Term
| What did Marx say about social change in relation to social conflict? |
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Definition
| history is the struggle of opposing classes |
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Term
| What did Weber say about social change in relation to social conflict? |
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Definition
| change occurs out of conflict, those who support traditions and those who oppose it |
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Term
| groups that create social conflict and change are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| most lasting change results from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| societies _____, but social patterns ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| does not necessarily mean a belief in God |
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Term
| What was Emile Durkheim's view of religion? |
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Definition
-religion is set of beliefs/practices that divide the universe into 2 parts: sacred & profane
-its the human being who divides the universe, people who designate what is to be treated as sacred
-religion is a universal tendency, community can exist over time only if some form of religion establishes and reestablishes the community as sacred to those who take part in it |
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Term
| What was Max Weber's view of religion? |
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Definition
-emphasized religion as central part of a people's culture
-way for people to understand their own life in relation to their universe
-treat it as an "ethic", a cultural view, a tool for people to understand their lives & bring meaning to it
-ideas & values, not simply economic interests, shape human action & society, and that religion is highly important basis for a people's ideas and values |
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Term
| when supernatural explanations of the universe are replaced by a more rational, scientific approach |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Peter Berger's view of religion? |
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Definition
emphasized the social essence of religion
-religion is how we make sense of the world |
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Term
| What do all 3 sociologists, Durkheim, Weber, & Berger, believe about religion? |
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Definition
-necessary force in society
-is a social construction
-religion has been necessary for every society, & because society is necessary for human life, religion is central to what humans are
-way that people in a community come to define reality-->thus central to culture |
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Term
| view of the universe that through beliefs and practices identifies a special, separate, sacred world apart from our physical, mundane, profane, everyday existence. It is socially created, part of human culture, and has important impact on human action |
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Definition
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Term
| works within society in order to change the direction of society and to compete with or replace the established religion |
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Definition
| sect (Jehovah's Witness, Scientologists) |
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Term
| pulls away from society, isolates itself from those outside it, believes that outsiders are beyond help, and tends to be seen as illegitimate by the larger society |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 7 social functions of religion? |
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Definition
-social solidarity
-protecting group identity
-control over the individual
-defending democracy from a tyranny
-understanding and finding meaning in the universe
-defense of society
-criticism of society |
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Term
| political religion of democracy, attempts to create a consensus among the people society that religious differences can and should exist |
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Definition
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Term
| multiple religions in a society |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ways in which religions exerts control over an individual? |
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Definition
-through a moral system
-through a view of just universe
-through belief in community |
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Term
| What did Seymour Lipset say about religion and society? |
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Definition
sociologist, said that democracy never thrives in a theocracy (government controlled by religious leaders)
-however, religion can inspire people to participate in a government and help ensure that democratic government doesn't slip into a tyranny |
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Term
| What did Peter Berger say the most important role of religion is? |
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Definition
| help make sense of the chaos in the universe, to build a "sacred cosmos" |
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Term
| What did Karl Marx believe about organized religion? |
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Definition
| acts to turn people's attention away from the real source of their problems (economic conditions) and thus protect society's social patterns from criticism and reform |
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Term
| What are the 2 positions on whether organized religion is necessary? |
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Definition
1. sees the decline of religion in the world due to secularization, modern life undermines the importance of religion
2. modern life may change religion, but does not necessarily undermine the influence of religion and in many ways may even increase its importance (traditional religion may decline but new forms will arise) |
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Term
| Can we help generalizing and categorizing people? |
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Definition
| no, we can just develop more accurate generalizations about people |
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Term
| category we use to understand the situations we encounter, set of expectations that people have of an actor in a position within a social situation |
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Definition
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Term
| isolate a chunk of our environment, distinguish that chunk from all other parts of the environment, give it a name, associate certain ideas with it |
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Definition
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Term
| describes a category, statement that characterizes objects included in the category and defines similarities and differences with other categories |
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Definition
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Term
| A stereotype is characterized by what 6 qualities? |
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Definition
-judgmental
-absolute category, sharp distinction between those inside and those outside
-overshadows all others in the mind of the observer
-does not change with new evidence
-is not created carefully in the first place
-doesn't encourage a search for understanding about why human beings are different from one another |
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Term
| highly disciplines process of investigation whose purpose is to question many of our uncritically accepted stereotypes and generalizations |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 6 ways that social science aims to create accurate categories and generalization about human beings? |
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Definition
1. tries hard not to be judgmental
2. categories and generalizations are rarely-if ever-absolute
3. not assumed to be all important for understanding the individual
4. tries to create categories and generalizations through carefully gathered evidence
5. generalization are tentative and subject to change because new evidence is constantly being examined
6. do not categorize as an end in itself |
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Term
| process, a cluster of many activities, a direction toward a world system, toward an integrated, interdependent world |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 views of globalization? |
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Definition
1. don't believe it is occurring
2. believe that world is truly becoming transformed in a very dramatic way, thought to be positive
3. world is truly becoming transformed in very dramatic way, but they aren't nearly positive about what is taking place |
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Term
| What are the 4 themes of world society? |
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Definition
1. technology, communication, globalization
2. capitalism & globalization: the new economy
3. globalization and creation of a world society
4. is globalization good for the world? |
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Term
| What is Thomas Friedman's view on communication? |
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Definition
| "The World is Flat", describes the communication revolution, its economic implications, and its ability to increase the tremendous knowledge throughout the world |
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Term
| economic system that attempts to encourage business to thrive without government intervention |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is truly the inevitable outcome of capitalism. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 qualities that characterize organizations? |
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Definition
-social interaction
-social structure
-culture
-social institutions
-emotional commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| anthropologist, went to New Guinea and saw that men acted like women & visa versa (according to their culture) |
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Term
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Definition
| Industrial Revolution, women were CEO of home, worked alongside men in fields, also had children, ran the household |
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Term
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Definition
| women lived more relaxed lifestyle, thought of as delicate, separation between women and men |
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Term
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Definition
| 19th amendment is passed, women's right to vote, changed view of women, were less separated |
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Term
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Definition
| WWII began, changed family dynamics, woman's role changed drastically |
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Term
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Definition
| "Rosie the Riveter" was born, US needed women to work in factories while men were away at war, |
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Term
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Definition
| Men returned from war, got married, had kids--known as Baby Boomers. Baby Boomers had 2.5 children, much less than their parents. Very demanding generation, still are |
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Term
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Definition
| bill control pill came out, allowed for family planning, changed dynamics, average family size of 2, |
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Term
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Definition
| TV invented, Leave it to Beaver-depicted perfect family, mom stayed at home, dad went off to work, family could be planned according to wants/needs |
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Term
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Definition
| disillusion, skepticism, Vietnam War, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| housing, banks, economy was up and money was good |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Recession, economy goes down |
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Definition
| election results, Obama won by both popular vote and electoral vote |
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