example: Shakespear 

5 metrical feet onsisting of an unstressed and a stressed syllable. 

du-dun, du-dun, du-dun, du- dun

(think of a gallop)

opposite of iambic 

stressed, then unstress

example: "trouble"

dun-duh, dun- duh, dun-duh

(think of a heartbeat)

unrhymed verse that consists of iambic pentameter

rhythm results in closest of natural human speech

"organized prose"

shakespear used it

Phonological Awareness

(the ability to percieve sound structures in spoken word)

language play and exposure

i.e:

clapping sounds

reading out loud

grouping objects by beginning sound

teaching verbal directions

predicting blended phenomes

syllable attached to beginning or end of word and affects the meaning of the word.

(see prefix and suffix- both of which are affixes)

use of one term that is closely related or associated with another, to mean the other

example "crown" for "nmonarchy"

flat = displays only a few personality traits

round = complex personality

a suffix that describes the act of, quality of, or state of the noun

examples:

arguement

(the act of arguing)

worker

(one who works)

suffix that helps turn a noun into a verb- helps the word perform an act

example:

soften

dignify

realize

used to link words, phrases, and clauses

examples: are, or, nor, for, but, yet, so

paired terms to link clauses

examples: either/or, neither/nor, if/then

turns words into describing words

examples:

careful

grayish

"to" plus root word

examples:

"to be honest"

"to hold"

"to remember"

states to whom/to what an action was committed 

"Jon served the meal"

relates dependent clauses to independent ones

examples: although, because, if, since, before, after

-for whom/what an action was committed

"Jon served us the meal"

combo of a preposition and a noun/pronoun

example:

across the bridge

the verb changes form depending on whether the subject is singular or plural 

example:

the birds eat grain

the bird eats grain

the moral, spiritual, or intellectual development of a young progtagonist

-the character must develop over time in the book

a fragment that begins with a prepositon

example: "by the time we arrived."

style of writing where you go overboard to evoke pity, sorrow, nobility to the point of ridiculousness

a literary let down

similar to anticlimax but without the comedic effect

a "cover up" word

i.e. "expires" instead of "dead" 

a clause that starts with who, that, which etc.

-used to to dfine the noun that precedes them

repitition used to convey meaning

-usually to create a feeling of building excitement or importance

using a single word to express a complex idea

"up" for "pick me up" or "food" for "give me food"

-toddlers

social cues, rules, gestures that convey an underlining meaning

speaking differently depending on listener's age or status

-describes unique physical landscape of a place

-customs, dialect, or way of thinking of those who live ther

-multiple city/states, seperated by geological features (deep valleys and rocky mountains)

-all the cities spoke the same language but they had different cultures, government, societal structures

-they would ban together during the Persian Wars, to create their Golden Age where their art, science, philosophy, and architecture flourished

-ancient rivals

-compete via olympics, statues of the winners = heros

- S= militaristic society, bred for warriors, rigid art, caste system

-A = democratic society, focus on individuality, bred philosophers, intellectuals, merchants, modernizing art, good navy

-Darius, then son Xerxes, of the Persian Empire try to take control of Greece

-Greek city states join together to defeat Persia

-Athens votes to fight against Persia

-Spartans fight an epic battle (Thermoplyae) to hold off Persians

-Battle of Salamis, Athen's navy destroy Persian fleet

-Battle of Plataea- allied Greeks defeat Persia

Lead to the Greek Golden Age

-a battle where very few Spartans fought bravely against Persians (they were slaughtered but did significant damage)

-"great courage against overwhelming odds"

497 B.C.

allied greeks defeat Persia once and for all

Greek leader, taught by a line of philosophers, prince of Macedonia, forced the Greek city states to sweat allegiance to him.

-conquered the western half of the persian empire (persian soldiers were disloyal)

-brilliant soldier/general

Invaded India and Egypt as well

Wanted to keep going but troops disagreed so they turned around, Alexander died and his conquered lands were split up into multiple kingdoms ("Hellenistic Kingdoms")

(founder of Egypts "Alexandria" where the famous library stood)

-conquests spread Greek culture from Egypt to India

-student of Socrates, multiple writings of combined philosophies:

-reality lies beyond the visual realm in the form of ideas and constructs

-allegory of the cave

-student of Plato but held different beliefs:

-follow reason, not emotion

-reality is found on earth

-studies biology

-believer in balances

"the golden mean"

taught Alexander the Great

-famous greek playwrite

-new depths of human insight

-tragedy themes inspired by Persian Wars

-famous greek architecture

marble temple with gently curving columns

emphasis on proportions and balance

famous greek sculpture of the discus thrower, olympic hero

emergence of movement and life in sculpture

Myron 450 BC

-divided into multiple regions due to series of floods and invasions

-no fluid social structure

-hinduism

-karma, caste system, buddhism 

-Indian mathmeticians used decimal system, introduced the concept of 0, and architects built the great Taj Mahal

-French Indian War- expensive to British so they increased taxes in the colonies

-Bostom Massacre- refusual to pay taxes = troops sent to colonies (quartering act) = riots = colonists killed by british troops

-Boston Tea Party- first step of organized rebellion, dumped tea in harbor- huge economic loss to Brits, leading them to increase laws and taxation

-Intolerable Acts- increased laws and taxation on colonists that would drive them to to create "The First Continental Congress"

said war was imminent

"war of words is doing nothing"

britain is sending more troops!

-writer of "Common Sense" which urged the colonies to declare independence

(widespread idea of rebellion)

Britain won but had 4 times as many casualties

first sign of broken british confidence

France + America Wins!

Britain retreats! 

-new weaving and ironworking techniques 

-roads and waterways expanded and improved

-increased prosperity and political power of the middle class

-dealt with western territories

-print and borrow government money

-common defense of the states

-period in European history,14th to the 17th century,

-regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history

-revival of learning based on classical sources

-linear perspectives of works of art

-discarding Aristotles "final clause" and favoring the scientific method

1) material = things that can be determined by our senses (the table it hard, its made of wood, you cannot eat it)

2) formal= structure, design, the blueprints of the thing

(it was made a table, not a chair) 

3)effecient cause- who was the creator, builder, the energy or reason behind the thing or changing the thing

(this carpenter made the table)

4)final cause- why is the thing there, what is it for?

(the table was made for eating upon)

this table is solid and brown because it is made of wood (matter), it does not collapse because it has four legs of equal length (form), it is as such because a carpenter made it starting from a tree (agent), it has these dimensions because it is to be used by men and women (end)

a meaningful unit combined with roots and stems to form new words ith new meanings

potential to change the part of speech

example: ish added to the noun boy, resulting in the adjective boyish

-study of meaningful units of language

-patterns of distribution contribute to the forms and structure of words

distinct from etymology

the rhythmic and tonal aspects of speech

"music" of oral language

(pitch variations, stress patterns, duration)

500 B.C.

Central America (Guatemala and S. Mexico)

Tikal = most important city

ruins still exist today: hieroglyphs, temples, palaces, sculptures

discovered 0, impressive Calander 

sacrificed to gods

ancestry determined status (rulers descendents of Gods)

slash and burn agriculture

UNKNOWN COLLAPSE

1300's

Central Mexico

Tenochtitlan (now under Mexico City)- eagle holding snake on prickly pear cactus ended nomad lifestyle

-150,000 inhabitants at its peak

pyramid structures

emperor is god, adviced by powerful high priests

human sacrifices (slaves and p.o.ws)

collapsed in 1521, european disease and war with Cortes

13-1400's

Pacific coast of S. America

Machu Piccu

14,000 miles of roads

1,000 miles end to end

skilled stonemasons, llamas, potato farmers

tunnels and rope bridges

rulers descend from gods

collapse from civil war, european disease, war with Pizarro

mtns = limited expansion so developed awesome engineering skills

1494- line drawn through Atlantic Ocean

East = Portugal can explore and claim

West = Spain can explore and claim

De Gama- spices, east coast of Africa, introduced Islam

Cabral- south america, discovered and colonized Brazil

Magellan- southern tip of S. America (Magellan Strait)- ship sailed around the world though he died on voyage

Cape Town in South Africa

->Afrikaans

Major Spice Traders- relationship with Phillippines and Spice Islands (now indonesia)

driven by spices also but went northward- north america 

also had pirates 

diseases dominated native people so colonists turned to African slaves

a triangle trade system- traders would trade colonists' goods for slaves to sell to the colonies

over 10 million africans 

150-600 per ship

1/10 would die

90+ day voyage

packed like sardines, branded like cattle

Renn. time period

explaining how a courtier should act

balances politics with entertainment

sprezzatura- makes it look easy

Renn. time period

studied politics of his day and ancient rome

came to the conclusion that princes needed to be feared, more than loved

must be desicive and ruthless

1440

Gutenberg

Started in Latin, with the Bible

good for spreading renn. philosophies, religious ideas etc.

-reached ordinary ppl

the code of the samurai

bravery, self control, loyalty

Samurai Class

Peasant Class

Artisan Class

Merchant Class

-about purpose and contribution- hence, merchants were lower end because they just traded. 

Japanese religion, worshipping Kami- nature spirits

Shinto Shrines

executed nobles and church leaders who opposed him

formed a police force to arrest opposers

killed his own son

continues Russian expansion

throne at 1682

wanted to make Russia an international power

reorganized gov. 

introduced foreign scientists

modernized army

changed attire and had people shave beards = more like europeans

expanded Russia all the way to the Baltic Sea 

St. Petersburg (beat Sweden) 

German princess married into Russian royalty

throne at 1762

gained Port of Odessa (vs. Turks)- black sea- doesnt freeze in winter (one of a kind in russia)

seperated church from state

nobles gained wealth, peasants turned to serfdom

1848 James W. Marshall

1949- huge influx- 49ers

sifted through soil, many unlucky, rough lifestyle

florida native who resisted Americans moving his people to Oklahoma

tricked into arrest and died in prison, his people forced to leave

boundary dispute- where is Texas border?

President Polk starts a war to claim American decided border and also other Mexican lands- desired U.S. to stretch to Pacific.

Won in 1848

gained Calif, Nevada, prts of Ariz, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming

1853, purchased rest of Arizona and New Mexico

-borders entire medeterranean by 1st century BCE

society = slaves, plebians, equesrians (knights), patriocians (nobles)

republic- a council sanate which ruled, but there was also a Cesar 

great architecture, philosphies, and mixed religions among vast empire- stretched all the way to Egypt- relations with Cleopatra

very similar to Greek culture but expanded upon

1803

Thomas Jefferson purchases land from France

Mississippi to Rocky Mtns

1804- goal to find a westward river to Pacific Ocean to aid in trade and expansion

Sacagawea- native american woman who aided with translations

successfully crossed mtns to california and pacific ocean and came back

collected information, biological, and cultural about native tribes

sailed from normandy to england with 700 ships and 7,000 knights to take over england in 1066

defeated King Harold in the Battle of Hastings

turned his knights into english nobleman

hired sheriffs to collect taxes, stationed soldiers to quell rebellions, created an organized government

created the domesday book

1154- set up a system of law that is the basis for courts today in UK and USA

-citizens finally get a say in trials

-appeals process introduced

There is a common law that everyone must follow, despite class or heirarchy. 

The King must respect the rights of the nobles and consult with them if they want new laws.

Formed the first parliament in the UK

King John in 1199

1000 BC

traded with Egypt

pyramids in napata

Meroe- own language and heiroglyph system

taken over by Axum in AD 340

ancient ethiopia

major trading empire that had foreign inhabitants, skilled architects and stonemasons. 

converted to christianity

invaded kush

draught and persian trade competition destroyed this empire.

1820

dispute over whether or not Missouri would be a slave state- would tip the delicate balance in congress for representation of slave or free states

compromise- make Maine a state also- Maine will be a free state while Missouri can be a slave state. 

last war between U.S. and U.K

started with U.K. encouraging native americans to attack american settlers

how the whitehouse got named whitehouse (brits invaded washington and burned the presidents house and they painted it white)

made andrew jackson a hero

great depression + severe draught caused over 86,000 people to migrate west, many to CA where there was continued farm work. 

increased government support in providing jobs, imporoving infrastructure and disaster and draught relief programs (Federal New Deal and the WPA)

increased federal funding for the arts- Stienbeck, Woodie Guthrie, Dorathea Lange, Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind

replaced mexican migrant workers and forced mexican deportation from CA

after C.A. becomes U.S. territory, one could keep their land as long as they could prove it

-squatters and the introduction to property taxes made it very difficult still 

-ended Mexican control in CA

taxed foreign miners in CA in order to drive the mass influx of immigrants coming to CA to mine

increased revenue and improved economy

simple repeated terms

relate to culture of students

gestures and nonverbal actions

link words to actions and events

schedules

allow experimentation and practice

bilingual students = translators

multisensory learning

integration

using observable data to draw a very specific conclusion

(i.e. if all students take geometry, susan is a student, she must take geometry)

verb + ing being used as a noun

"walking is good excersize" 

verb + ing and acts as an adjective 

"the sleeping baby"

first known urban civilization 4000-1000 B.C. 

located in the middle east

advanced tools and weapons

warring city states

first form of writing = cuneiform

Expansion (louisiana purchase)

Differences between N and S (industry v ag)

The forming of new states:

         -missourri compromise

-bleeding kansas

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Fugitive Slave Law

Lincoln elected into presidency

Martin Luther and followers split from Catholicism in the middle ages

didnt like the idea that arbitrary rules and buying you way into heaven

would split up among themsevles

Calvanists

followers of John Calvin

Believed in pre destination and only the elect would get to heaven

war in the middle ages

european catholics vs. middle east muslims

English Reformation of Catholic Church

Followers by King Henry the 8th

wanted to make it legal to annul his marraiges -was pissed off at the pope for refusing to do so- formed his own church

repealed Miss. Compromise

settle the slavery issue by popular svereignty

outraged Northerners formed the Republican Party (Lincoln)