Term
|
Definition
| Includes bones and the tissues that connect them (tendons, ligaments, and cartilage). |
|
|
Term
| 3 Functions of the Skeletal System |
|
Definition
1. Support (gives us shape)
2. Protection of internal organs/fragile tissues
3. Movement (allows attachment of muscles to tendons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Includes: Humerus
Clavicle
Scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Children resort to "W" sitting b/c it offers a huge, wide base of support.
*"W" sitting can lead to:
Hip dislocation
Over-stretching the knee
Lack of ability to use the trunk |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal System: Baby vs. Adult |
|
Definition
300 bones as a baby.
206 bones as an adult.
Smaller bones fuse together to form larger ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inlcudes the Skeletal and Muscular systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
639 Muscles in the human body.
3 Types of Muscles:
Skeletal
Smooth (intestines)
Cardiac (autonomous) |
|
|
Term
| 3 Functions of the Muscular System |
|
Definition
1. Provides movement of the body through strength.
2. Maintains posture.
3. Circulates blood throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Responsible for lateral neck flexion.
*Associated with torticollis, it's like a rubber band.
*Wry Neck = old term for torticollis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deltoids (referred to as "guns") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Rectus Abdominus (runs down center of abdomen).
*Obliques (on either side of the rectus abdominus). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Back muscles have several points of attachment:
Vertebrae
Skull
Arms
Legs
Pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Quadriceps: Responsible for knee extension (front of upper leg).
Hamstrings: Responsible for knee flexion and hyperextension (back of upper leg).
**The hamstring is one of the tightest muscles, and this can lead to "W"sitting, or leaning back in a long sit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs from caudal (tail) to cephalic (head). |
|
|
Term
| Development from Birth and On |
|
Definition
Cephalic (head) to Caudal (tail)
Proximal (most center point) to Distal (farthest from center).
Gross (large muscles) to Fine (small muscles).
Simple to Complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ulnar (pinky side of hand) to Radial (thumb side of hand).
Wrists go from Flexed to Straight to Extended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No voluntary grasp.
No visual attention = No attempt to grasp.
Reflexive only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sustained voluntary grasp on Ulnar side of hand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primitive Squeeze Grasp
Pulling objects to the body/no use of thumb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Palmar Grasp
Held with fingers and adducted thumb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Radial Palmar Grasp
Held with fingers and opposed thumb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Radial Digital Grasp
Held with opposed thumb and fingertips. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Radial Digital Grasp
Wrists Extended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3-Jaw Chuck
Object held with thumb and 2 fingers. |
|
|
Term
| Scissor and Pincer Grasps |
|
Definition
Scissor: Side of thumb
Pincer: Thumb and index finger
Scissor grasp occurs BEFORE Pincer grasp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Allows child to reach above
*Provides stability of trunk and arms/works the trunk
*Allows for play against gravity
*Develops control of anterior (front) muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Works on head and shoulder control
*Allows for spinal extension against gravity
*Provides pelvic stability
*Helps develop posterior (back) muscles |
|
|
Term
| Play Positions: Side-Lying |
|
Definition
*Works on unilateral movement
*Gravity-assisted position - gravity brings arms and legs together at midline
*Strengthens bilateral hand skills
**Piece of equipment called a "Side-Lyer" used for students with CP/hypertonic muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Provides opportunity to combine sensory input from visual, auditory, tactile and motor control against gravity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Upright Position
*Allows for experiencing body weight and tactile/proprioceptive input through feet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Your MOVEMENT system. Responsible for your equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Built into large muscles and tendons.
*Gives you feedback about your body.
*Sometimes called "Deep Pressure" system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conceiving, planning, and executing a new motor task. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Tracking
*Hand-Eye Coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visual discrimination, spatial awareness.
"Where's Waldo?" - visual figure ground (important pre-requisite for writing). |
|
|
Term
| Occupational Therapy: What is looked at/worked on? |
|
Definition
*Trunk control
*Head control
*Various play positions
*Maintaining positions
*Reaching and grasping
*Crossing midline (playing around with both hands)
*Fine motor skills
*Bilateral integration
*Motor planning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Never hold your breath while lifting.
*Always support the head.
*Provide support around the trunk/waist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tone and strength are NOT interchangeable terms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A muscle set.
Muscle is just fiber.
Tone is a matter of how these fibers are lined up.
Little space between fibers = Hypertonia
Lots of space between fibers = Hypotonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypotonia
*Flaccid (fibers set far apart from each other).
*Takes more energy to move the fibers than normal.
*Limited strength & endurance.
*Difficulty sustaining posture.
*Head-lag in pull-to-sit.
*Difficulty initiating weight shifts in any position.
*Delay in trunk-righting.
*Inconsistent protective responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypertonia
Underlying high tone usually = muscular weakness.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) = Classic high tone/underlying weakness. |
|
|
Term
| First tell-tale sign of low tone (hypotonia) |
|
Definition
Wide base of support.
This is the FIRST COMPENSATION for low tone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Lack variety and variability (stuck in a pattern of motion)
2. Lack of core control (leads to stiffness)
3. Take up a lot of real estate (wide base of support)
4. Doughy feel (when touching muscles)
5. Unable to keep up with peers
6. Always look at ENERGY LEVEL, ENDURANCE, & PERSISTENCE! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Touch/Tactile
2. Vestibular
3. Proprioceptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide body-oriented sensory input and perception, and include the tactile/touch, vestibular, & proprioceptive systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Largest sensory system...the skin is the body's largest receptor.
*First sensory system to develop in utero & most mature at birth.
*Most newborn reflexes are elicited by tactile stimuli.
*The functions of the tactile system are PROTECTION & DISCRIMINATION. |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular System (Movement System) |
|
Definition
*One of the first systems to become functional, and is mature in the full-term neonate.
*Composed of 3 structures in the inner ear:
1. Semicircular Canals - register speed, force, & direction of head rotation.
2 &3. Saccule and Utricle - sensitive to the force of gravity.
The Vestibular System contributes to:
*Regulation of muscle tone and coordination.
*Balance & equillibrium.
*Ocular-motor control (eyeball).
*Arousal and attending level.
*Emotional state.
**SCARIEST system for a teacher to tackle** |
|
|
Term
| Proprioceptive System (Deep Pressure System) |
|
Definition
Receptors in the muscles, tendons, & joints that provide the perception of movement and the position of body in space.
*Orientation of the body in space and the relation of body parts to each other.
*Rate and timing of movements.
*Force exerted by muscles.
*How much & how fast a muscle is stretched.
**Involved in MOTOR PLANNING (conceiving, planning, & executing a new motor task).
***EASIEST system for a teacher to address and provide input for*** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The point at which the summed sensory input activates the central nervous system (Registration).
Each sensory stimulus is cumulative in that it is added to the sensation that came before it.
It is the COMBINED SENSORY INFORMATION that is processed. |
|
|
Term
| Hyporesponsive (Under-responsive) |
|
Definition
| NEED MORE INPUT to reach the threshold to be processed. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperresponsive (Over-Responsive) |
|
Definition
| NEED LESS INPUT to reach the threshold to be processed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Over-activation of protective senses.
What can be seen:
*Tactile Defensiveness
*Oral Defensiveness
*Gravitational Insecurity
*Postural Insecurity
*Visual Defensiveness
*Auditory Defensiveness
*Unusual Sensitivities to taste and/or smell
Levels of severity can be mild, moderate, or severe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Objective is to help the child feel calm, alert, and organized for most of the day using special activities (sensory input) that are SCHEDULED throughout the day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of the nervous system describing how ALERT one feels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to attain, maintain, and change arousal appropriately for a task or situation. |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Sensory Modulation |
|
Definition
Symptoms usually appear in infancy or early childhood.
Overarousal, Underarousal, Shutdown, Fluctuating Arousal.
Essentially a problem of chemistry in the brainstem. |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Sensory Registration |
|
Definition
Symptoms usually appear in infancy or early childhood.
Over-registration, Under-registration, Delayed registration (processing time), Lack of sustained effect, Impaired discrimination of specific sensations.
Essentially a problem of neural chemistry. |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Sensory Integration |
|
Definition
Symptoms usually appear in infancy or early childhood.
The ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to organize and process input from different sensory channels in order to make an adaptive response.
Multichannel intake.
Requires ACTIVE PARTICIPATION & ADAPTIVE RESPONSES. |
|
|
Term
| Conditions commonly associated with Sensory Processing Problems |
|
Definition
*Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
*ADD/ADHD
*Learning disabilities
*Severe and Profound Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
*Process Schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Back and forth, or side to side.
Rhythmical.
Linear Motion is CALMING. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spinning, mixing back/forth-side/side movements.
Arrhythmical.
Rotary Motion is AROUSING! Should only be done by or in the presence of an OT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any adaptation made to existing equipment, or special equipment used for the needs of the child to participate in daily activities to the fullest extent and also for the completion of ADL's (Activities of Daily Living). |
|
|
Term
| First Goal of Adaptive Equipment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second Goal of Adaptive Equipment |
|
Definition
LEAST RESTRICTIVE!
Adaptive equipment is only used for the child's physical needs, not to curb behaviors. |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Infant Postioner: Supine |
|
Definition
*Midline organization
*Gives proprioceptive input |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Infant Positioner: Prone |
|
Definition
*Head-righting
*Weight-bearing through arms
*Works on strengthening back muscles |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUPMENT
Bracing: AFO's |
|
Definition
*Ankle-Foot Orthotics
*Comes up toward the knee
*CLASSROOM TEACHER IS RESPONSIBLE to put on, remove, and do skin checks.
*Do NOT put back on if there is skin redness that doesn't go away fairly quickly.
*Child needs alternate pair of sneakers without insoles removed incase braces can not be put back on. |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Bracing: SMO's |
|
Definition
*Supra-Malleolar Orthotics
*Worn when ankles turn in (pronation)
*Micro-trauma to the joint can occur when walking in a pronated position.
*Generally go to just above the ankle. |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Canes/Crutches |
|
Definition
*Quad Canes (4 prongs)
*Loftstrand crutches
*Forearm crutches |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Walkers |
|
Definition
*Anterior Rolling (in front/push)
*Posterior Rolling (behind/pull)
*Walker with loftstrand attachments |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Gait Trainers |
|
Definition
| *For children who are not quite ready to weight bear on their legs and feet, but who need to begin working in an upright position. |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Stander: Prone |
|
Definition
*Weight-bearing
*Range of motion
*Standing, but leaning on the belly (table or tray) |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Stander: Supine |
|
Definition
*Head & upper trunk control
*Flexion |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Seating Systems: Corner Chair |
|
Definition
*Provides midline organization
*Shoulders rounded, arms & hands and midline |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Seating Systems: Rifton Chair |
|
Definition
| *90˚at hips, 90˚ at knees, feet in contact with foot pads. |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Seating Systems: Convaid Cruisair |
|
Definition
*Used for transporting...children who are not mobile CANNOT be carried around in school settings.
*Simple umbrella stroller can be used in preschool settings |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Other Seating Systems |
|
Definition
*Booster seat
*Bath chair
*Adapted stroller
*Power Tiger (electric wheelchair)
*Astrotilt wheelchair |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Tricycles |
|
Definition
*Seat with back
*Strap to secure foot to pedals
*Handle on back to guide child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Switches
*Handles
*Knobs
**Adaptations can be incredibly simple** |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Communication Devices |
|
Definition
*Dynavox
*iPad
*Touch-To-Talk
*PECS
**Some devices can be controlled through eye-gaze** |
|
|
Term
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT
Other Reasons for Adaptations |
|
Definition
*Feeding (no-slip bowls with high back, wrap-around spoon, etc.)
*Cutting (loop scissors, self-opening scissors, push-down/tabletop scissors |
|
|
