Term
| Name the 6 crystal classes(shapes). |
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Definition
| Isometric(cubic), Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic, Hexagonal. |
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Term
| Describe an Isometric crystal and give an example. |
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Definition
| Shaped like a cube,octahedra,dodecahedra,etc. 3 axes of intersection, all of equal length and at 90-degree angles.Ex.gold, diamond.[image] |
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Term
| Describe a tetragonal crystal. |
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Definition
| A rectangular prism with squares at two ends, often long and needle-like, Common shapes:above, pyramids, dipyramids. 3 axes of intersection, 2 equal and one not, intersect at 90-degree angles.[image] |
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Term
| Describe an orthorhombic crystal and give an example. |
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Definition
| A rectangular prism with opposite sides congruent,generally short and stubby with diamond-shape or ractangular cross-section, Common shapes:4-sided prisms, pyramids, pinacoids. 3 unequal intersecting axes, intersect at 90-degree angles.Ex. sulfu, topaz.[image] |
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Term
| Describe a monoclinic crystal. |
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Definition
| A slanted rectangular prism, crystals are stubby w/tilted matching faces at opposite ends forming a tilted rectangular prism. 3 axes of unequal lengths, 2 axes at 90-degree angle, 1 axis not.[image] |
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Term
| Dexcribe a triclinic crystal. |
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Definition
| A rhombus-shaped prism, crystals are usually flattened with sharp edges and thin cross-sections, 3 unequal axes, no 90-degree angles anywhere on crystal. All forms are pinacoids or pdeions.[image] |
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Term
| Describe a hexagonal crystal. |
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Definition
| A hexagonal or triangular prism, common shapes:3 or 6-sided prisms, pyramids,rhombohedra. 4 axes, 3 of same length and at 90-degree angles, 1 axis perpendicular and diff. length.Ex. quartz, calcite.[image] |
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Term
| Name the four types of bonds that hold crystals together. |
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Definition
| Ionic, covalent, metallic, molecular. |
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Term
| Describe ionic bonds and give an example. |
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Definition
| Occurs when metal atoms, which tend to lose elestrons, interact with nonmetal atoms, which tend to gain electrons. Fairly strong bonds which result in crystals with high melting points. Ex. sodium chloride(salt). |
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Term
| Describe covalent bonds and give an example. |
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Definition
| Occurs when atoms "share" an electron with their neighbors which bonds them together. Can result in both face-centered, shares with 6 closest, and body-centered, shares with 8 closest, cubic crystal structures. forms very strong bonds in the crystals with a very high melting point. Ex. Diamonds. |
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Term
| Describe metallic bonds and give an example. |
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Definition
| Occurs when one or two of a metal atom's electrons joins other metals' electons in a general electron "gas". Ex. Bronze. |
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Term
| Describe molecular bonds and give an example. |
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Definition
| Occurs when either two polar molecules are attraced, 1 polar and one nonpolar molecule are attracted, or 2 close nonpolar molecules are attracted when they become momentarily polar due to regular fluctuations. Molecular crystals have little strength, and low metal and boiling points. Ex. Ice and Dry Ice(solid CO2). |
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Term
| What is the difference between rocks and crystals? |
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Definition
| Rocks are mixtures and minerals are compounds. |
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Term
| Which of the following are minerals? Diamond, calcite, petroleum, ice, soil, wood, salt, coal. |
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Definition
| Diamond, calcite, ice, salt. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crystalline inorganic solid found in nature that has a fairly specific chemical composition. |
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Term
| What are Van der Waals forces? |
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Definition
| Polar forces that for molecular crystals. |
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Term
| What is the most abundant mineral family on the planet? Give the chemical formula. Describe it and give example. |
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Definition
| Silicates.(SiO4)3- They are also the most varied and complex mineral group because of their structure. Ex. feldspar, mica, hornblende. |
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Term
| Most minerals are __1__. Some are __2__. Only native __3__ are __4__. None are __5__. |
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Definition
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Metals
4. Metallic
5. Molecular????? |
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Term
| What are positive and negative ions called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cations are generally __1__. Anions are generally__2__. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only way to be come a cation or an anion? |
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Definition
Cation= lose electrons
Anion= Gain electrons |
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Term
| What are the maximum positive and negative charges? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once a cation and an anion are bonded, what is the charge of the molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe carbonates, give the chemical formula, and give examples. |
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Definition
| (CO3)2- All made of carbon and most are components of limestone. Ex. Calcite, aragonite, and dolomite. |
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Term
| Describe phosphates, give the chemical formula, and give examples. |
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Definition
| (PO4)2- Made of phosphorus. Most important ex. is clacium fluorine phosphate called apatite. Secreted to spined animals to construct bones and teeth. |
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Term
| Describe sulfates, give the chemical formula, and give examples. |
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Definition
| (SO4)2- Made from sulfur and oxygen. Ex. anhydride and gypsum(Calcium sulfates). |
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Term
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Definition
| An ore is any rock that contains enough of an economically important mineral and element that it can be profitably mined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minerals that contain oxygen but no silicon.Contain useful elements in high concentrations.Most important ex. are magnetite and hematite(iron oxides). These form pronciple iron ores. Quartz is an oxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to oxides, except sulfur atom forms anion instead of oxygen atom. These minerals are economically important. They often have a metallic luster. Ex. Pyrite(fool's gold). |
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Term
| What are native elements? |
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Definition
| Elements found in their pure form as mineral deposits. When they are precious metals, they are the moust sought after in the world. Ex. Inorganic: graphite, diamond, sulfur Metal: native copper, native silver, native gold. |
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Term
| Crystals always grow according to ___1___ __2__ __3__. |
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Definition
| Simple mathematical laws. |
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Term
| What crystal family is copper sulfate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What crytal family is potassium ferricyanide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What crystal family is sodium chloride? |
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Definition
| Isometric (fac-centered cubic) |
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Term
| What crystal family is sodium nitrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What crystal family is potassium sodium tartate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What crystal family is aluminum potassium sulfate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical bonds do not occur in minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of bond bonds native metals of the same kind together? |
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Definition
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Term
Nonmetals' charges=1
Metals' charges=2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Has oxygen. ex. sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, etc. |
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Term
| Sulfur and oxygen are bonded __1__. Why? |
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Definition
1. covalently
Because they are both nonmetals. |
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Term
1. What is bonded in covalent bond?
2. What is bonded in ionic bond?
3. what is bonded in metallic bond? |
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Definition
1. Two nonmetals
2. Metal and nonmetal
3. Two metals |
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Term
| Non metallic native elements(ex.diamond) bond ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are rock-forming minerals? |
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Definition
| Common minerals that make up most of the Earth's crust. |
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Term
| What is the name for the study of minerals and their properties? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways to identify minerals by looking at them? |
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Definition
| Color, luster, crystal shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way a mineral shines in reflected light. Ex. matallic, nonmetallic, pearly, glassy, greasy. |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways to identify minerals by simple tests? |
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Definition
| Streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness. |
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Term
| What is the streak of a mineral? |
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Definition
| The color of its powder. Constant throughout mineral(if mineral color changes, streak doesn't) and not necesarily the same color as mineral. |
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Term
| What is the cleavage of a mineral? |
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Definition
| Its tendency to split easily or to separate along flat surfaces. |
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Term
| How do minerals fracture? |
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Definition
| When they break along noncleavage surfaces(curved surfaces, jagged surfaces). |
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Term
| What is the hardness of a mineral and how is it tested? |
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Definition
| Its resistance to being scratched. To find the hardness you need to compare it to known levels on the Mohs' scale. If it is inbetween a 5 and a 6 it is a 6.5. |
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Term
| Glass breaks when it is dropped because it is __1__, not because it is not __2__. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is specific gravity and how is it used in identifying minerals? |
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Definition
| The ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water. It tells you how many times denser the mineral is than water. |
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Term
| What mineral reacts the best to an acid test and what is an acid test? |
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Definition
| Calcite. When you drop acid on a rock and it fizzes, it helps to identify mineral. |
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Term
| What are 6 special properties that are only found in a few minerals? |
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Definition
| Magnetism, taste, fluorescence, phosphorescence, radioactivity, double refraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quartz is a silicate. It's called silicon dioxide. Glassy luster, shell-like fracture, number 7 on hardness(hardest of all common minerals). Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Most sadn consists of tiny grains of quartz. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most abundant family of minerals in earth's crust(60%). 2 directions of cleavage, hardness of 6, pearly luster.Ionically bonded. 2 groups- potassium feldpsar and sodium-calcite feldspar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soft silicate found in many rocks. Flaky with one perfect cleavage. hardness of 2.5. |
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Term
| What is the softest mineral? The hardest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a ferromagnesian silicate? |
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Definition
| Hornblende, a type of amphibole. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common carbonate mineral. Colorless or white. Hardness of 3, 3 perfect cleavages, easily identified in an acid test. |
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Term
| What is an oxide? Give an example. |
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Definition
| A mineral consiting of a metal element combined with oxygen.Ex. Hematite and magnetite. |
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Term
| What is a sulfide?Give an example. |
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Definition
| A mineral consisting of a metal element combined with sulfur.Ex. pyrite. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common iron oxide mineral. hardness of 5-6, red-brown streak. |
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Term
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Definition
| A black magnetic iron oxide. Attracted to a mgnet Lodestone is a natural magnet. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glowing after UV light is turned off. |
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Term
| What is radioactivity in a mineral? |
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Definition
| Ability to give off subatomic particles. |
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Term
| What is double refraction? |
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Definition
| When light travels thru this mineral's crystal, light ray is split, one half goes straight, the other is bent. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be magnetic? |
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Definition
| The mineral can be picked up by a magnet. |
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