• Crusaders slaughtered Jews in the Holy Land
• Other Jews became slaves
• In Europe they destroyed synagogues and holy books
• Looted homes & businesses
• tortured to convert to Christianity
• Antisemitism spread
• Jews were segregated in ghettos
• Jews could not hold public office 

The forced separation of one group from the rest of the community

Jews were separated from Christians and forced to live in ghettos

Walls and gates separated them from the rest of the community

A poor crowded neighborhood

Walls and gates separated ghettos from the rest of the community

a person adopting new beliefs

especially those of a religious faith

• Jerusalem is a sacred place for Jews because it is where the ancient Jewish temples of Solomon & Herod were built.
• Jews make pilgrimages to the remaining Western Wall.

• Jerusalem is a sacred place for Muslims because they believe it is where Mohammed ascended to Heaven during his night journey.

• Jerusalem is a sacred place for Christians because it is where Jesus Christ was crucified.
• Christians believe Jesus rose from the dead in Jerusalem

• Control - Christians wanted to gain control of Jerusalem from Muslims
• Fear - Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus I feared his empire was in danger
• Pope Urban II offered wiping away sins & entry into heaven
• It was the will of God
• Many feared they would not be able to make pilgrimage to Holy Land
• Christians were being attacked

ristian) Byzantine empire is in danger

• Faith
• Defense

• Seljuk Turks were expanding there empire
• Emperor Alexius Comnenus I feared his empire was in danger
• Pope Urban II feared loss of power and control

• Traveled from France through Italy
• then Eastern Europe and through what is now Turkey
• Traveled hundreds of miles through scorching heat and deep snow
• Could not use Mediterranean Sea as they did not control the ports

• 4 Crusader kingdoms were established in Palestine, Syria, and modern day Lebanon & Turkey
• Lessened the Muslim threat in the Holy Lands
• Kingdoms were Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem & Tripoli
• Crusade survivors were heroes
• Success inspired writers and musicians to create poems and songs describing legendary battles
• Most crusaders returned to Europe -Muslims reorganized

• the area between Egypt and Syria that was the ancient homeland of Jews
• the place where Jesus Christ had lived
• also called Palestine

• The spiritual heart of Palestine
• Important to Christians, Muslims and Jews

• Pope of the Roman Catholic church
• called nobles and church leaders to council at Clermont, France
• asked everyone to fight and push Muslims back from Jerusalem
• promised entry into heaven
• Credited with starting first Crusade

• Site of the meeting of the Council of Clermont
• Meeting called by Pope Urban II
• Asked for army to fight Muslims moving into Holy Land
• Starting point of first Crusade

• translates into "It is the will of God" in French
• became a slogan of the First Crusaders & future crusades
• First cheered after the crowd began yelling it following Pope Urban II's speech at the Council of Clermont, France

• Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
• Feared his empire was in danger from the Muslims
• asked Pope Urban II for military help

• Eastern part of the Roman Empire
• Constantinople is the capitol
• Urban II is emperor
• Christian empire

• Capitol city of the Byzantine empire
• it is modern day Turkey

• people named for a Turkish chieftain who converted to Muslim
• Controlled Bagdad and moved west into Anatolia
• Wanted to move into Holy Land and take Jerusalem

• Byzantine army was defeated by the Seljuk army

• a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group

• a person who does not accept a particular faith
• Christians considered Muslims infidels
• Muslims considered Christians infidels

• term that describes Arabs and Muslims
• Seljuks are a group of Saracens

• Followers of the Islamic faith

• Descendants of the ancient Hebrews
• the founders of the religion of Judaism
• any person whose religion is Judaism

Followers of the Christian Faith

• term the Muslims called the crusaders who came from France

• the sovereign ruler of a Muslim state

• a large peninsula at the western edge of Asia
• also called Asia Minor

• Shrine built by Muslims to mark the spot where they believe Mohammed ascended into heaven

• what remains of the ancient Jewish temple
• It is where Jews have gathered to pray throughout history
• Holiest place in the world for Jews

• Shrine built by Christians in Jerusalem to mark the spot where Christ is believed to be buried
• Also known as Golgotha

a holy or sacred place dedicated to a specific figure

Dome of the Rock is a shrine dedicated to Mohammed

• a person who makes a journey to a holy site

• about 30,000 Crusaders fought their way through Anatolia
• headed south toward Palestine
• established 4 Crusader kingdoms in Palestine, Syria, modern day Lebanon and Turkey

• fell to the Christians during the first crusade

• the killing of many helpless or unresisting people
• victorious crusaders massacred Muslims and Jews throughout Jerusalem

• an extremely wicked, brutal or cruel, horrifying act
• the crusaders were brutal when killing Muslims and Jews

• after taking Antioch, crusaders had little food
• climbed the walls of Ma'arrat al-Numan
• massacred and slaughtered 20,000 Saracens
• still no food
• resorted to cannibalism
• ate the bodies of pagans and children

• God intervenes

• an object considered holy because it belonged to or was touched by a saint or other holy person

• the name given to the spear that pierced Jesus' side when he was crucified
• a relic

• 4 Crusader Kingdoms were established after the First Crusade
• they were in Palestine, Syria, modern day Lebanon and Turkey
• the kingdoms were Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem and Tripoli

• 1146-1148
• began with enthusiasm
• Crusaders were unsuccessful
• most died
• Conrad III's army beaten in Anatolia
• Louis VII & Conrad III joined fight
• armies badly beaten in Damascus

• Capitol of Northernmost Crusader Kingdom
• captured by Muslims in 1144
• cause of the Second Crusade

• the end of the second crusade
• Conrad III and Louis VII armies badly beaten by Muslims
• Many died
• Rest returned home

• Crusade called by Pope Eugene III
• Response to the fall of the Crusader Kingdom Edessa to the Muslims

• St. Bernard traveled around western Europe
• gathered enthusiasm for the crusade
• gathered "warriors for the Cross"
• Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany joined the fight

• Second Crusade unsuccessful
• Conrad III & Louis VII armies badly beaten in Damascus
• most crusaders died
• European Christians no longer seen as same threat
• Middle Easter Muslims gained strength  and unified under one leadership

• The threat and success of Muslims common leadership lead to the Third Crusade
• By 1180's the great sultan Salah al-Din (Saladin) had formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks
• Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187
• Crusaders mobilized to take back the Holy Lands

• Ancient Jewish temples of Solomon & Herod were built.
• Jews make pilgrimages to the remaining Western Wall.

• Frederick Barbarossa set out for the Holy Lands in May 1189 with 100,000 men, including 20,000 knights.
• Barbarossa horse slipped while crossing the river in Anatolia (Turkey) and he drowned.
• Barbarossa's bones were buried in Acre
• Many German crusaders died from fever along the journey.

• September 1192 Richard and Salah al'Din signed a peace treaty
• The failure of this Crusade led to a fourth crusade 6 years later

• They learned about new foods and goods
• They dressed in clothing made of muslin a cotton fabric from Persia
• Mercants earned enormous profits by trading for goods

• Lost their lives in battles and massacres
• Crusaders destroyed Muslim property
• Muslims did gain exposure to some new weapons and military ideas during the Crusades

• Salah al-Din formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks
• Saldin, the sultan of Eygyt, united Muslims in Syria and most of Palastine under his rule and captured Jerusalem in 1187
• After his victory, Saladin freed many of his prisoners or sold them for ransom.

• United Egypt, Syria, and lands to the East
• Led a renewed fight against the Crusaders in the Holy Land
•  He quickly took back most of Palastine
• In 1187 his armies captured Jerusalem

• Led the Third Crusade to trey to regain Christain control of Jerusalem from the Muslims
• Led the fight against Salah al-Din
• Also known as King Richard I of England
• 1191 Richards army forced the surrender of the Palestinian town of Acre

• Biggest battle happened during the Second Crusade what Richard and Philip beseiged the city
• Saladin tried to relieve the city but was unable and it eventually fell during the 3rd Crusade

• a written agreement between two states or soverigns
• Outlines the guidlines or responsibilites of the parties as they agreed on.