Term
Quasi-experimental Design |
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Definition
A research design in which an experimental procedure is applied, but all extraneous varibles are not controlled.
*typically lacking random assignment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures and procedures used in constructing research designs. |
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Term
Causal inferences are made by ruling out rival hypothesis |
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Definition
- identification and study of plausible threats to internal validity
- control by design
*additional pretests time points
*additional control groups
-coherent pattern matching
*making a complex prediction that few rival hypotheses can explain. |
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Term
Identification and study of plausible threats to internal validity |
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Definition
| This principle involves identifying plausible rival explanations and then probing and investigating them to determine how likely it is that they can explain the covariation between the treatment and the outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| This principle involves adding design elements, such as pretests time points or additional control groups, to either eliminate a rival explanation or obtain evidence about the plausibility of the rival explanation. |
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Term
Coherent pattern matching |
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Definition
| This principle can be used when a complex prediction can be made about a causal hypothesis, and there are few, if any rival explantions that would make the same prediction. If the complex prediction is supported by the data, most rival explanations are eliminated. The more complex the prediction, the less likely it is that a rival explanation can explain the prediction and the more likely that the independent varible is producing the effect. |
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Term
The prisoners in the two jails were not ramdomly assigned. |
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Definition
| John wanted to compare the therapeutic effect of community service versus standard incarceration in treating prisoners so he randomly assigned the prisioners in one jail to community service and the prisioners in another jail to standard incarceration. This represents a quasi-experimental design because |
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Term
Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design |
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Definition
A quasi-experimental design in which the results obtained from nonequivalent experimental and control groups are compared.
*The most common quasi-experimental design!
-includes both an experimental and control group
*participants are not randomly assigned to groups
-Pre-Test important to determine equivalence of groups
*large difference between groups on pre-test may indicate selection bias. -Threats frequently reveal themselves in the outcome. |
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Term
Summary of threats to internal validity for quasi-experimental designs. |
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Definition
Nonequivalent comparison group design: history, maturation,instrumentation, testing, regression artifact, attrition.
Interupted Time-Series design: maturation,instrumentation, testing, regression artifact
Regression Discontinuity: history, maturation,instrumentation, testing, regression artifact, attrition, selection. |
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Term
Non-equivalent Comparison Group Design |
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Definition
This design appears similar to the pretest-postest control group design. However, there is one important difference that makes one a strong experimental design and the other a quasi-expermental design. In the between-participants pretest-posttest control group design, the participants as randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, wheras in the nonequivalent comparison group design they are not.
**The absence of random assignment is what makes the nonequivalent control group design a quasi-experimental design. |
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Term
Selection and additive/interaction Threats to the Internal Validity of the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design. |
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Definition
| selction bias, selection-attrition bias, selection maturation bias, selection-instrumentation bias, selection-regression bias, and selection history bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because groups are non equivalent, there will always be a potential selection bias. However the pretest allows the exploration of the possible size and direction of the bias on any variables measured at pre-testing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pretest allows examination of the nature of attrition to see if there is a difference between those that drop out or do not complete the experiment and those that do. |
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Term
Selection-maturation bias |
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Definition
| This might exist if one group of participants becomes more experienced, tired, or bored than those in the other group. |
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Term
Selection-instrumentation bias |
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Definition
| This might exist if the nonequivalent groups of participants start at different points on the pretests, particularly if the measuring instrument does not have equal intervals. |
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Term
Selection-regression bias |
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Definition
| This might exist if the two groups are from different populations, such as the experimental treatment group from a population of individuals with a reading disability and the comparison group from a population of individuals without a reading disability. |
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Term
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Definition
| This might exist if an event occuring between the pretest and posttest affects one group more than the other group. |
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Term
Outcomes with rival Hypotheses |
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Definition
-Increasing treatment and control groups.
-Experimental group higher control than control
group at pretest effect
-Experimental group lower than control group at
pretest effect.
-Crossever effect |
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Term
Increasing treatment and control groups |
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Definition
-greater increase in treatment condition.
-could be caused by a number of rival hypotheses
*selection-maturation
*selection history
an outcome in which the experimental and the control groups differ at pretesting and both increase from pre to post testing, but the experimental group increases at a faster rate.
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Term
Experimental group higher than control group at pretest effect |
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Definition
-no change in control group
-treatment condition starts higher and increases -rival hypotheses
* selection-history
An outcome in which the experimental group performs better than the control group at pretesting, and only the experimental group's scores change from pretesting to postesting. |
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Term
Experimental group lower than control group at pretest effect |
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Definition
- no change in control group
- treatment condition starts lower and increases
- rival hypotheses
* selection-regression
An outcome in which the control group performs better than the experimental group at pretesting but only the experimental group improves from pre to post testing. |
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Term
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Definition
-treatment group scores significantly lower then the control group at
pretest
-significantly higher at posttest
-no change in control group
-rival hypotheses unlikely with this type of result.
An outcome in which the control group performs better at pretesting but the experimental group performs better at posttesting. |
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Term
Ruling out threats to the Nonequivalent Comparison Group |
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Definition
*Matching
-equates the groups on important varibles
-example: Head start programs can be matched on income,
intelligence, and parental involvement
-selection-regression effects may occur when using extreme
groups.
*Statistical control techniques
-ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) |
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Term
Causal Inference form Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design |
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Definition
* To increase internal validity
-do not let participants self-select to groups
*self-selection increases bias
-minimize pretest differences in groups
*matching
*ANCOVA during data analysis |
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Term
Look at the results to see what rival hypotheses could have produced such results and then collect data to see if they did produce the results. |
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Definition
| In a nonequivalent control group design there is the possibility of a rival hypothesis competing with the IV in explaining the results. To rule out that possibility I would _______ |
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Term
Selection-Maturation effect |
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Definition
| Participants in one group experience a different rate of maturation than participants in another group. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extraneous event occuring between pretest and posttest influences participants in one group differently than participants in another group. |
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Term
Selection-Instrumentation effect |
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Definition
| Participants' scores in one group are affected by the process of measurement differently than participants' in another group. |
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Term
Selection-Attrition effect |
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Definition
| Participants that drop out of one group are dissimilar to those in another group. |
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Term
Selection-regression effect |
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Definition
| Participants in one group display a different rate of regression to the mean than participant in another group. |
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Term
Interrupted Time-Series Design |
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Definition
A quasi-experimental design in which a treatment effect is assed by comparing the pattern of pretest and posttest scores of a single group of research participants.
-looking for discontinuity in the series of dependent measures
-Use of multiple pretest and posttest measurements demonstrates reliability of effect
-Visual inspection of pre and post test measures very important to determine treatment effect
-Improvement over one-group pretest posttest design
*Primary weakness: no control of history effects. |
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Term
Regression Discontinuity Design |
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Definition
| A design that assigns participants to groups based on their scores on an assignment variable and assesses the effect of a treatment by looking for a discontinuity in the groups regression lines. |
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Term
Characteristics of the Regression Continuity Design |
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Definition
-all individuals are pretested
-individuals who score above some cutoff score
receieve the treatment
-all individuals are posttested
-discontinuity in the regression line indicates a
treatment effect. |
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Term
Requirements of the Regression Discontinuity Design |
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Definition
*Assignment to comparison groups must be based only on the cutoff scores.
*The assignment variable must be atleast an ordinal variable, and it is best if it is a continuous varible. It cannot be a nominal variable sech as sex, ethnicity,religious preference, etc..
*The cutoff score ideally should be located at the mean of the distribtuion of scores. The closer the cutoff score is to the extremes, the lower the statistical power of the design.
*Assignment to the comparison group must be under the control of the experimenter to avoid a selection bias. This requirement: rules out retrospective uses of the design.
*The relationship between the assignment and outcome variables (whether it is linear, curvilinear, etc) must be known to avoid a biased assessment of the treatment effect.
*All participants must be from the sam population. With respect to the regression discontinuity design, this means that it must have been possible for all participants to receive the treatment condition. This means that the design is not appropriate, for example, if the experimental participants are selected from one school and control participants from another. |
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Term
Possible Threats to the Discontinuity Design |
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Definition
* Attrition possible but unlikely threat
* Contemporaneous history effect -
- This is possible but not plausable
*This is the more powerful of the quasi-experimental designs |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure used to assign participants to experimental and control groups. Those with scores below the cut off score are assigned to one group and those with scores above the cut off are assigned to the other group. |
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Term
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Definition
*Used where everyone takes the treatment and there is regular turnover.
*Cohort
- groups that follow one another
*Reason can use cohorts
- Can often identify cohorts that have not received the treatment
- Frequently can assume that contiguous cohorts differ only in minor ways
-Often possible to use archival records to obtain data on control cohorts |
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Term
Cross-Lagged Panel Design |
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Definition
When used:
-When causality exists in both directions
-When causality occurs over time
-Determines preponderant causal pattern
*Auto-correlations-measure stability
*Synchronous correlations
- measure stationary
*Cross lag correlations |
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Term
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Definition
| If I wanted to determine if having prisoners do community service as their punishment for minor crimes was effective and had to treat all prisoners the same way or have all of them do community service, I would probably have to use a ______ design |
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Term
Regression-discontinuity design |
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Definition
| If I wanted to test the effect of giving a bonus to everyone in an insurance company who sold more than 10 million dollars worth of insurance in a given year, I probably have to use a ________design |
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Term
cross-lagged panel design |
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Definition
| If I wanted to determine which of two variables was nonequivalent control group design I would use a _____design |
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Term
The ability of the design to control for potential threats to internal validity. |
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Definition
| The primary difference between a quasi-experimental design and a randomized experimental design is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary threat to internal validity in the nonequivalent comparison group design is some form of _______ effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outcome from a nonequivalent comparison group design that gives us the most confidence that the treatment produced the observed effect is ____. |
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Term
As a result of the multiple pretests and posttests. |
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Definition
| Most of the threats to internal validity are ruled out in the interrupted time-series design ___ |
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Term
Regression Discontinuity Design |
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Definition
| A school superintendent wants to decrease the amount of truancy that exists in her school system. She assigns all those students who have missed coming to school an average of twice every week for the past year to participate in a program designed to make school more enjoyable and rewarding. The students with an average of less than twice a week will serve as controls. To test the effectiveness of this program she would probably use the ________ design. |
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Term
Single Case Research Designs |
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Definition
Research design in which a single participant or a single group of individuals is used to investigate the influence of a treatment condition.
-use only one participant or one group of participants
-no random assignment and no control group
-single participant used most frequently
History of Single case designs
-not case studies
-research in psychology began with single case designs
* Pavlov, Ebbinghaus, Skinner, Fisher's introduction of ANOVA |
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Term
Origin of Single Case Design |
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Definition
Single-Case designs grew out of behaviorism
*assumption of behaviorism
-behavior is a product of behavioral principles
-Respondent responses
-elicited response
-Operant responses-emitted response
*Same principles operate in all organisms.
*single-case designs became more acceptable with the
growth in research in behavior therapy. |
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Term
History of Psychotherapy Research |
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Definition
*Chronology of events : - Initially used the case study
- Eysenck's attack revealed that % of cases spontaneously remitting equal
to that of those treated with psychotherapy
- Tried multiparticipant designs but they did not prove that psychotherapy
worked
- Moved to process research with no success
- Advocated a return to single-case research but did not have the
appropriate methodology
- The growth of behavior therapy brought in the use of single-case
experimental designs. |
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Term
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Definition
Research design in which a single participant or a single group of individuals is used to investigate the influence of a treatment condition.
Time-series designs
-with multiple data points before and after treatment is introduced
*Comparison responses are the pretreatment responses
*It is experimental because a treatment is introjected.
-does not eliminate the history effect
-assessment of a treatment effect is based on the assumption that the pattern of pretreatment
responses would continue in the absence of the treatment.
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Term
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Definition
ABA
ABBA
Interaction Design
Multiple Baseline Design
Changing Criterion Design |
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Term
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Definition
A single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to baseline responses recorded before and after treatment.
Baseline (A) - Treatment(B) - Baseline(A)
*demonstration of treatment effectiveness requires return to baseline. |
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Term
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Definition
Baseline (A)
The target behavior of the participant in its naturally occurring state prior to presentation of the treatment condition. |
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Term
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Definition
Treatment (B)
Recordings of behavior after the treatment has been introduced. |
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Term
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Definition
Change of behavior back to baseline level after withdrawal of treatment.
*The crucial element for demonstrating that the experimental treatment condition, and not some other extraneous variable, produced the change observed during phase B of the experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
9 yr old exhibiting disruptive behavior.
A-Baseline % time child spent on academic assignments, baseline recorded until DV stabilized.
B-treatment: *points earned if no distraction occurred during given time interval, points could be exchanged for model of his choice.
A-return to baseline: when child had completed three successive ten-minute distraction free sessions, the reinforcement of being able to earn points was withdrawn. |
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Term
Problems with ABA Designs |
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Definition
1. ending on baseline not acceptable from therapist point of view because you are ending with a denial of treatment - solution ABBA design
2. some DVs may not revert to baseline when treatment is withdrawn due to carryover. - solution multiple baseline design
3. withdrawal versus reversal: reversal design- design in which the treatment condition is applied to an alternative but incompatible behavior so that a reversal in behavior is produced.
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Term
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Definition
Extension of the ABA design to include reintroduction of the treatment condition.
- return to treatment condition after second baseline condition
- should see a return of DV to treatment levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the treatment condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A design in which the treatment condition is applied to an alternative but incompatible behavior so that a reversal in behavior is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you cannot get a reversal to baseline when the treatment condition is removed, you cannot draw any causal conclusion from the ____ design. |
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Term
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Definition
Single-Case Design used to identify interaction effects.
-Tests the combined effects of two treatments
-Must change only one treatment at a time -Must use both sequences to test the combined influence over the effect of just one variable and to ensure that ceiling effect does not exist with one variable. |
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Term
Disadvantages of the Interaction Design
*test question |
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Definition
- two participants' may be required
- interaction effect can be demonstrated only if each variable
does not cause a maximum increment in performance. |
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Term
Interaction effect in single case research |
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Definition
| The combined influence of two or more independent variables. |
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Term
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Definition
A single-case design in which the treatment condition is successively administered to several target participants, target outcomes (DVs), or target settings.
-alternative to ABA or ABAB when history threat may be
suspected
-no withdrawal or reversal involved
*requires independence of behaviors to demonstrate an
effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Violation of design assumption in which changing one target (participation, outcome, or setting) produces changes in the remaining targets. |
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Term
Multiple Baseline Example |
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Definition
| Van Houten, Van Houten, & Malenfant 2007. -tested the effectiveness of a program designed to increase helmet use by middle school students when riding their bicycles. -three schools were targeted, and baseline helmet use data were gathered at each school. -the treatment program was introduced at one school at a time. -increases in correct helmet use occurred when the helmet program was introduced at each school. -when the campaign was introduced at the 2nd and 3rd schools, helmet use increased, but did not change at the schools still at baseline. -this fingerprint or pattern of change provided evidence of the causal efficacy of the helmet advocacy program on helmet use by students. |
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Term
Changing Criterion Design |
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Definition
A single-case design in which a participant's behavior is gradually shaped by changing the criterion for success during successive treatment periods.
Design:
1. baseline data taken on a single behavior
2. treatment introduced with a criterion level of performance that needs to
be met.
3. if criterion met, then 2nd criterion level set.
4. targeted behavior increased with multiple criterion levels (at least two). |
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Term
Changing Criterion Design Factors to consider |
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Definition
-length of treatment
*long enough for behavior to stabilize -size of criterion
change
* large enough to notice a change (5, 10, 15 increments) -number of treatment phases
*at least two, but enough to demonstrate a treatment
effect. |
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Term
Changing Criterion Design Example |
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Definition
Himadi, Osteen, Kaiser & Daniel 1991: - study to reduce the delusional verbalization of a 51 year old white male with schizophrenia, chronic undifferentiated type.
-the investigators first observed baseline data on the number of delusional answers given
-the treatment session consisted of asking the patient a question that had reliably elicited a delusional answer and instructing the patient to respond to the question "so that other people would agree with your answers." After the patient provided the appropriate answer he was given a reinforce consisting of a cup of coffee.
*Phase 1 criterion, the patient had to provide non-delusional responses to two questions.
*Phase 2, non-delusional responses to four delusion0eliciting questions. |
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Term
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Definition
| All single case designs are some form if a ______ design. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you want to identify the combined effect of social support and having a mentor on reducing a child's violent behavior, you would use the _____ design. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charles monitored his coffee drinking and found that he typically drank about 20 cups of coffee a day. He thought this was too much and wanted to give up coffee drinking so he decided to initially reduce his consumption to 15 cups a day. When he was rinking 15 cups a day for a week then he reduced it to 10 cups a day and when he was drinking only 10 cups a day for a week he reduced it to 5 cups a day and then totally eliminated coffee drinking entirely. Charles was essentially using what type of design? |
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Term
Methodological Considerations BASELINE |
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Definition
A set of responses characterized by the absence of trend and little variability.
* Baseline
-must be stable before treatment implemented
-absence of trend, OR in the direction opposite of what is expected from the treatment.
-little variability *if variability in data, then track until stable or try to identify source of the instability.
-must also consider reactivity when tracking baseline data
**Cardinal Rule: Change only one variable at a time |
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Term
Methodological Considerations
LENGTH OF PHASE |
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Definition
-no set rule
-possibility of extraneous variable creeping in with long phases -carry-over effect may require short phases
-cyclic variations-maybe need to incorporate the cycle in a
phases.
*the longer the treatment the greater the possibility to get
history effect. |
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Term
Criteria for Evaluating Change |
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Definition
-Experimental Criterion
-Therapeutic Criterion |
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Term
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Definition
In single-case research, repeated demonstration that a behavioral change occurs when the treatment is introduced.
-repeated demonstration of behavioral change should occur
with treatment introduction.
-non-overlap of treatment and baseline phases |
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Term
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Definition
Demonstration that the treatment condition has eliminated a disorder or has improved everyday functioning.
- clinical significance of a therapeutic or other psychological
intervention for an individual or group of clients.
- researchers often use social validation
- does it produce a change in the client's daily functioning?
social comparison/social evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
| Determination by others that the treatment condition has significantly changes the participant's functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social validation method in which the participant is compared with non-deviant peers. |
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Term
Subjective or Subject Evaluation Method |
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Definition
| Social validation method where others' are asked if they perceive a change in the participant's behavior. |
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Term
Subjective Comparison Method |
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Definition
| Charles wanted to find out if his treatment for shyness in a 15 year old girl was working. The strategy that he used was to talk to the girl's friends and ask them about her behavior and if she seemed as shy as she had previously. He found out that her friends marveled at how outgoing she now was and did not engage in the shy behavior she previously exhibited. Charles used the ______ method to assess the effectiveness of his treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single-case research designs are a type of _________ design. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the ABA cannot be used because the targeted behavior does not return to baseline after the treatment is implemented, a good alternative is to use the _____ design. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-case designs you would use if you wanted to test the combined effect of two treatment conditions? |
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Term
Determine whether the behaviors seen during baseline and treatment overlap |
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Definition
| If you used the experimental criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment effect, you would? |
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Term
-The repeated measurements during baseline and following
treatment.
-The withdrawal of treatment in the ABA and ABAB designs.
-The administration of the treatment condition at different
times to different participants in the multiple baseline design. |
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Definition
| Rival Hypotheses are ruled out in the single-case designs by ..... |
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Term
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Definition
The type of research relying on qualitative research data.
-the approach to empirical research that relies primarily on the collection of qualitative data (i.e. non-numeric data such as words, pictures, images).
- Interpretative
- Multimethod
- Conducted in field or natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of research in which quantitative and qualitative data or approaches are combined in a single study. |
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Term
Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design Strategies |
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Definition
Naturalistic Inquiry
Emergent design flexibility
Purposeful sampling |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally: non-manipulative and non-controlling openness to whatever emerges (lack of predetermined constraints on findings). |
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Term
Emergent design flexibility |
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Definition
| Openness to adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change; the researcher avoids getting locked into rigid designs that eliminate responsiveness and pursues new paths of discovery as they emerge |
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Term
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Definition
| Cases for study (e.g. people, organizations, communities, cultures, events, critical influences) are selected because they are information rich and illuminative, that is they offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of interest; sampling, then, is aimed at insight about the phenomenon, not empirical generalization from a sample to a population. |
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Term
Characteristics of Qualitative research Data Collection and Fieldwork Strategies |
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Definition
-Qualitative Data
-Personal experience and engagement
-Empathic neutrality and mindfulness
-Dynamic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Observations that yield detailed, thick description, inquiry in depth, interviews that capture direct quotations about people's personal perspectives and experiences; case studies' careful documentation review. |
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Term
Personal Experience and Engagement |
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Definition
| The researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under study. The researcher's personal experiences and insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical to understanding the phenomenon. |
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Term
Empathic Neutrality and Mindfulness |
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Definition
| An empathic stance in interviewing seeks vicarious understanding without judgment (neutrality) by showing openness, sensitivity respect, awareness, and responsiveness; in observation it means being fully present (mindfulness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Attention to process; assumes change as ongoing whether focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture; therefore, mindful of and attentive to system and situation dynamics. |
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Term
Characteristics of Qualitative Research Analysis Strategies |
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Definition
-Unique Case orientation
-Inductive analysis and creative synthesis
-Holistic perspective
-Context Sensitivity
-Voice, perspective, and reflexivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumption that each case is special and unique; the first level of analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing that details of the individual cases being studied; cross-case analysis follows from and depends on the quality of individual case studies. |
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Term
Inductive analysis and creative synthesis |
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Definition
| Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes, and interrelationships; begins by exploring, then confirming, guided by analytical principles rather than rules, ends with a creative synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts; focus on complex interdependencies and system dynamics that cannot meaningfully be reduced to a few discrete variables and linear, cause-effect relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; careful about, even dubious of, the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space; emphasizes instead careful comparative case analysis and extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaption in new settings. |
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Term
Voice, perspective, and reflexivity |
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Definition
| The qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about his or her own voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness; complete objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity undermining credibility, the researcher's focus becomes balance-understanding and depicting the world authentically in all its complexity while being self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The following is a characteristic of qualitative research? |
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Term
Personal contact and insight |
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Definition
| A characteristic of qualitative research. |
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Term
Research Validity in Qualitative Research |
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Definition
-validity of qualitative research is often questioned because
*lack of rigor
*findings are largely dependent on the researcher (researcher bias)
-Two strategies for reducing researcher bias:
*reflexivity: thinking critically about one's interpretations and biases
*negative case sampling - searching for cases that challenge one's
expectations or one's current findings. |
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Term
Validity Strategies that should be used in Qualitative research |
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Definition
-Data triangulation - Pattern Matching
-Extended Fieldwork - Peer Review
-Investigator Triangulation - Reflextivity
-Low Inference Descriptors - Researcher as detectives
-Methods Triangulation - Rule out alternative explantions
-Negative-case sampling - Theory Triangulation
-Participant Feedback - Triangulation
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Term
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Definition
| The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
Spending enough time in the field to fully understand what is being studied.
To provide for both discovery and validation researchers should collect data in the field over an extended period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using outside experts to assess the study quality |
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Term
Investigator triangulation |
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Definition
| The use of multiple investigators (i.e. multiple researchers) in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the data. |
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Term
Low-inference descriptors |
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Definition
Descriptions that are very close to participants' words or are direct verbatim quotes.
The use of description phrased very close to the participants' accounts and researcher's field notes. Verbatims (i.e. direct quotations) are a commonly used type of low-inference descriptors. |
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Definition
| The use of multiple research methods or methods of data collection to study a phenomenon. |
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Definition
Searching for cases that challenge one's expectations or one's current findings.
Attempting to select cases that disconfirm the researcher's expectations and generalizations. |
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Definition
Member checking to see if participants agree with researcher's statements, interpretations, and conclusions.
The feedback and discussion of the researcher's interpretations and conclusions with the actual participants and other members of the participant community for verification and insight. |
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Term
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Definition
Construction and testing of a complex hypothesis.
Predicting a series of results that form a distinctive pattern and then determining the degree to which the actual results fit the predicted pattern or fingerprint. |
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Term
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Definition
| Discussion of the researcher's interpretations and conclusions with other people. This includes discussion with a disinterested peer (e.g. with another researcher not directly involved). This peer should be skeptical and play the devil's advocate, challenging the researcher to provide solid evidence for any interpretations or conclusions. Discussion with peers who are familiar with the research can also help provide useful challenges and insights. |
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Definition
Thinking critically about one's interpretations and biases
Involves self awareness and critical self-reflection by the researcher on his or her potential biases and predispositions as these might affect the research process and conclusions. |
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Term
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Definition
Metaphos applied to researcher looking for the local cause of a single event.
A metaphor characterizing the qualitative researcher as he or she searches for evidence about causes and effects. The researcher develops an understanding of the data through careful consideration and potential causes and effects and by systematically eliminating rival explanations or hypotheses until the final case is made beyond a reasonable doubt. The detective can utilize any of the strategies. |
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Term
Rule out alternative explanations |
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Definition
| Making sure that you have carefully examined evidence for competing or rival explanations and that yours is the best explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of multiple explanations and perspectives to help interpret and explain the data. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross checking information and conclusions through the use of multiple procedures or sources. When the different procedures or sources are in agreement you have corroboration. |
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Definition
| Only noticing data that supports one's prior expectation. |
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Term
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Definition
The factual accuracy of the account reported by the researcher.
-the factual accuuracy of the researcher's account
-strategies for achieving
*investigator triangulation
- use of multiple investigator's to collect and interpret the
data
- helps to insure descriptive validity
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Term
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Definition
Accurately portraying the participants' subjective viewpoints and meanings.
-strategies for achieving:
*participant feedback
- member checking to see if participants agree with
researcher's statements, interpretations, and conclusions
*low-inference descriptors
- descriptions that are very close to participants' words or
are direct verbatim quotes.
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Term
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Definition
Degree to which the theory or explanation fits the data.
-strategies for achieving
* extended fieldwork
-spending enough time in the field to fully understand what is being studied. *theory triangulation
-the use of multiple theories or perspectives to aid in interpreting the data *Pattern Matching
-construction and testing of a complex hypothesis
*Peer Review
-discussing your interpretations with one's peers and colleagues. |
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Term
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Definition
| An action for a particular person in a local situation with an observable result. |
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Definition
| The standard view of causation in science; refers to causal relationships among variables. |
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Term
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Definition
-Is observed relationship causal?
-idiographic causation -nomological causation
*Strategies to achieve
- researcher as detective
- methods triangulation
- data triangulation |
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Term
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Definition
-the ability to generalize findings to other people, settings, and times.
*Naturalistic generalization - generalization, based on similarity, made by the reader of a research report.
*Theoretical generalization - generalization of a theoretical explanation beyond the particular research study. |
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Term
Four Major Qualitative Research Methods |
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Definition
-Phenomenology
-Ethnography
-Case Study Research
-Grounded Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Qualitative research method where the researcher attempts to understand and describe how one or more participants experience a phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's subjective inner world of experience |
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Term
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Definition
-researcher attempts to understand and describe how one or more
participants experience a phenomenon.
*e.g. death of a loved one, a counseling session, an illness, winning a
championship football game, etc.. -key question
*meaning, structure, and essence of lived experience.
- accessing participants' life world
*the research participant's inner world of subjective experience. |
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Term
Examples of Phenomenological studies |
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Definition
-obsessive compulsive disorder
-addiction
-racism
-sexual abuse
-psychotic symptoms of narcolepsy
-life satisfaction
-the meaning of aging |
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Term
Primary methods of data collection for a Phenomenological Study |
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Definition
-in depth interviews
*extract phrases and statement that pertain to phenomenon *interpret and give meaning to phrases and statements
*write narrative describing the phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary method of data collection for phenomenological research is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Words, phrases, or sentence length participant statements that the researcher thinks vividly communicate the participant's experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenological structure of the experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Qualitative research method that focuses on the discovery and description of the culture of a group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
-focuses on the discovery and description of the culture of a group of people
-culture *the shared beliefs, values, practices, language, norms, rituals, and material things that the members of a group use to interpret and understand their world
-shared values *culturally defined standards about what is good or bad or desirable or undesirable -holism *idea that a whole, such as a culture, is more than the sum of its individual parts.
-shared beliefs *statements or conventions that people sharing a culture hold to be true or false. -norms written and unwritten rules specifying how people in a group are supposed to think and act -the focus of ethnography
* emic perspective
-the insiders perspective
*etic perspective
- the researcher's eternal or "objective outsider" perspective |
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Term
Primary data collection method for Ethnography |
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Definition
-participant observation
- researcher becomes an active participant in the group being investigated.
- requires Entry and Acceptance by group
- must guard against reactive effect
*non typical behavior of participants because of presence of the researcher
-data analysis
*identify themes and patterns of behavior
-write narrative report. |
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Term
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Definition
-Gatekeepers
*group members who control a researcher's access to the group
-Ethnocentric
*judgment of people in other cultures based on the standards of your culture -going native
*over-identification with the group being studied, so that one loses any possibility of objectivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The shared beliefs, values, practices, language, norms, rituals, and material things that the members of a group use to interpret and understand their world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statements or conventions that people sharing a culture hold to be true or false. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culturally defined standards about what is good or bad or desirable or undesirable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Written and unwritten rules specifying how people in a group are supposed to think and act |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that a whole, such as a culture, is more than the sum of its individual parts. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The researcher's external or "objective outsider" perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Data collection method in which the researcher becomes an active participant in the group being investigated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group members who control a researcher's access to the group |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-typical behavior of participants because of the presence of the researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| A general term for data collection in ethnographic research |
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Term
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Definition
| Judgment of people in other cultures based on the standards of your culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Over-identification with the group being studied so that one loses any possibility of objectivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Notes taken by the researcher during (or immediately after) one's observations in the field. |
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Term
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Definition
Qualitative research method in which the researcher provides a detailed description and account of one or more cases.
- primary collection method
*multiple sources and methods of data collection
are used
examples: in-depth interviews, documents, questionaires, test results, and archival records |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Case study in which the researcher is only interested in understanding the individual case |
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Term
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Definition
| Case study in which the researcher studies a case in order to understand something more general than the particular case |
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Term
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Definition
-intrinsic
-instrumental
-collective/comparative
-cross-analysis |
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Term
Collective/Comparative case study |
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Definition
| Study of multiple cases for the purpose of comparative |
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Term
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Definition
| Case study analysis in which cases are compared and contrasted. |
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Term
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Definition
Methodology for generating and developing a theory that is grounded in the particular data.
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Term
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Definition
| An explanation of how and why something operates as it does. |
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Term
| Four Key characteristics of a good grounded theory |
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Definition
1. the newly constructed grounded theory should fit the data - does the theory correspond to real-world data?
2. the theory must provide understanding of the phenomenon
* is the theory clear and understandable to researchers and practitioners?
3. the theory should have some generality
*is the theory abstract enough to move beyond the specifics in the original research study?
*can the theory be applied to produce real-world results?
4. data collection *most common methods of data collection are interviews and observations. |
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Term
Data analysis for Grounded Theory |
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Definition
- open coding
*first stage of analysis in GT; it is the most exploratory stage. -axial coding
*second stage of data analysis in GT; focus is on making concepts more abstract and ordering them into the theory -selective coding
*third and final stage of data analysis in GT; the theory is finalized |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher is effective in understanding what kinds of data need to be collected and what aspects of already collected data are important for theory development. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st stage of GT; it is the most exploratory stage |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd Stage of GT; focus is on making concepts more abstract and ordering them into the theory |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd/Final Stage of GT; theory is finalized |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when no new information relevant to the GT is emerging from the data and the GT has been sufficiently validated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Position that quantitative and qualitative research methods and philosophies can be combined |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosophy focusing in what works as the criterion of what should be viewed as tentatively true and useful in research and practice. |
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Term
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Definition
The research approach in which both quantitative and qualitative methods are used
* Questions to be answered when using a mixed design
-should you primarily use one methodology or treat them
equally?
-should phases of study be conducted concurrently or
sequentially? |
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Term
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Definition
| Present when the researcher provides both the insider and objective outsider perspectives. |
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Term
Weakness minimization validity |
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Definition
| Present when the researcher compensates for weakness of one approach through the use of an additional approach |
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Term
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Definition
| Making sure that the ordering of quantitative and qualitative components in a sequential design does not bias the results |
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Term
Sample integration validity |
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Definition
| Researchers must not treat the quantitative and qualitative samples as equal, but, instead, draw appropriate conclusions from each sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making sure your mixed methods study meets appropriate quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods validity types. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two dimensions used in MM design matrix; its levels are concurrent and sequential |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two dimensions used in a MM design matrix; its levels are equal status and dominant status. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of qualitative research. |
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Term
Personal contact and insight |
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Definition
| A characteristic of qualitative research. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary method of data collection used in phenomenological research. |
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Term
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Definition
| The disciplinary origin of Ethnography is? |
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Term
Inductively generate a theory |
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Definition
| The purpose of a grounded theory study is to? |
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Term
It is an equal-status sequential mixed methods research design |
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Definition
| What is true about this design: QUAL > QUAN |
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