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Definition
| A set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next. |
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Definition
| Behavior based on concerns for other people, traditions, and values they share together. |
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| Cross-Cultural Psychology |
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Definition
| The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology. |
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Definition
| The view that supports judgement about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook. |
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| Psychometric Approach to Intelligence |
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Definition
| A view based on an assumption that our intelligence can receive a numerical value. |
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Definition
| Conducted primarily in a natural setting, where the research participants carry out their daily activities in a non research atmosphere, in an attempt to detect some illicit or unspoken aspects of culture, hidden rules, or innuendo---the so-called contest that are often difficult to measure by standard quantitative methods. |
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Definition
| An individual assessment of emotions according to retain criteria or principles. |
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Definition
| A process in which a large sample of countries or groups is randomly chosen; that is, any country or group has an equal chance at being selected in the research sample. |
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Term
| What are two types of observational methods? |
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Definition
| Naturalistic Observation and Laboratory Observation |
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Definition
| Recording people's behavior in their natural environments with little or no personal interaction. |
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| What are some examples of individualistic societies? |
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Definition
| North America and Western Europe |
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Term
| What is the difference between race and ethnicity? |
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Definition
Race = Biological
Ethnicity = Cultural |
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| Examples of Qualitative Research |
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Definition
| Ethnographic, naturalistic, interpretive, grounded, phenomenological, subjective, and participant observational |
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Definition
| The study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables. |
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Definition
| A cultural heritage shared by a category of people who also share a common ancestral origin, language, and religion. |
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Definition
| Basic cognitive operations based on abstract analysis of given premises and deriving conclusions from them. |
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Definition
| Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, overcome obstacles, and adapt to a changing environment. |
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Definition
| Complex behavior based on oneself and one's immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs. |
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Definition
| The view that all cognitive phenomena are inborn, that they unravel as a result of biological "programming" and that environmental perception requires little active construction by the organism. |
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Definition
| A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics. |
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Definition
| The process by which receptor cells are stimulated and transmit their information to higher brain centers. |
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Term
| Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) |
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Definition
| The general name for phenomena that are different than normal waking consciousness and include mystic experiences, hypnosis, trance, and possession. |
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Definition
| A general term that stands for a series of processes by which the individual acquires and applies knowledge. |
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Definition
| The process of identification, description, and explanation of an emotional expression. |
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Definition
| Storylike sequences of images occurring during sleep. |
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Definition
| Refers to the systematic, empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or numerical data or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and/or hypotheses pertaining to the phenomena. |
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Definition
| Refers to biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs. |
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Term
| Why can convenience sampling be limiting? |
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Definition
| Because in convenience sampling, some cultural or ethnic groups are likely to receive more attention than others. |
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Term
| What are Sternberg's 3 Intelligences? |
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Definition
Componential
Experiential
Contextual |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual way in which individuals organize and comprehend the world. |
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Definition
| A sleep like state marked by reduced sensitivity to stimuli, loss, or alteration of knowledge, rapturous experiences, and the substitution of automatic for voluntary motor activity. |
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Definition
| Particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations. |
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Term
| What comprises Spearman's "G-factor"? |
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Definition
Verbal
Quantitative
Reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that organizes various sensations into meaningful patterns. |
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Term
| What is the difference between sex and gender? |
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Definition
Sex = Biological
Gender = Internal or cultural perception |
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Term
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Definition
| The researcher chooses a culture by chance or, most likely, because of the researcher's professional or personal contacts in which the samples are selected. |
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Definition
| The evaluative response (either positive or negative) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional response. |
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Term
| What are two different scales that are meant to quantify intelligence? |
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Definition
Binet Scale
Wechsler Scale |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a particular culture, age, or culture group. |
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Term
| Example of Naturalistic Fallacy |
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Definition
| "What's typical is normal; what's normal is good. What's not typical is abnormal; what's abnormal is bad." |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to explain the behavior of others as resulting predominately from their personality, while minimizing or ignoring the importance of a particular context or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a person reports that his body is invaded or captured by a spirit or spirits. Usually, but not always, recalled with fear and hesitation because of it's traumatic significance. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we equate our description of what IS with what OUGHT to be. This occurs when we define what is good in terms of what is observable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originality or the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way. |
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Term
| Examples of Collectivistic Cultures |
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Definition
| Asia, Central America, South America, Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| We are all products of our personal and cultural past; everything we have seen, read, heard, and experienced changes the way we see our own presence and how we perceive the others around us. |
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Definition
| Describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine. |
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Term
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Definition
| General intelligence based on verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects are brought in to where a psychologist has designed specific situations or prepared a set of stimuli and then ask the participants to respond. |
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Term
| What are some external factors that can contribute or detract from a person's supposed intelligence? |
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Definition
Resources: Nutrition, Education, Rural or Urban Locale, Technology
Family Factors: SES, Parental Education, Birth Order, Family Size |
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Term
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Definition
| The environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of a continuous challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A perception that occurs when a sensory stimulus is present but is incorrectly perceived and misinterpreted, such as hearing the wind or someone crying. |
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Term
| What are Gardner's 8 Intelligences? |
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Definition
Linguistic
Spatial
Kinesthetic
Naturalist
Mathematical
Musical
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| Experience and cognitive operations drawn from everyday activities. |
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Term
| Example of Quantitative Research |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Empirical reasoning manifests from everyday experience, while formal or abstract reasoning is a product of formal education. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a perception of time in which one object or task is completed in singularity. These cultures are more task-driven. |
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Term
| What are the six basic, universal emotions? |
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Definition
1.) Fear
2.) Happiness
3.) Sadness
4.) Anger
5.) Disgust
6.) Surprise |
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Term
| What are a few types or examples of emotions research? |
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Definition
| Facial Action Coding System---this system is used to determine emotions expressed on the face, and the muscles utilized to employ these physical expressions. |
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Term
| Explain examples of cross-cultural differences in mathematic abilities. |
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Definition
| Compared to English, the Chinese language has fewer labels for numerical values. China also has more focus on success and personal effort. Student feedback also is a factor in performance. |
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Term
| What are the two cognitive field types? |
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Definition
| Field Dependent and Field Independent |
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Term
| Field Independent Cognitive Type |
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Definition
| Relies on internal knowledge to solve problems. Utilizes abstractions. |
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Term
| Field Dependent Cognitive Type |
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Definition
| Relies on contextual and environmental cues to solve problems; uses instructions, concreteness, wholism, etc. |
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Term
| Schacter and Singer Theory on Emotion |
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Definition
Describes emotion as a 2-stage process in which emotion is comprised of:
1.) Physiological Arousal
2.) Cognitive Response that assigns meaning to this.
Concludes that emotions are culturally specific. |
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Term
| True or False? There are subcultural rules within the Cultural Display Rules, that exist to demarcate norms pertaining to gender and other such factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Goal of Cross-Cultural Psychology |
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Definition
| To examine how cultural factors influence human behavior. |
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Term
| James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
Explains emotion as a two part process which consists of:
1.) Physiological Arousal
2.) Biological, Emotional Response
Concludes that emotions are universal |
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Term
| What is the evolutionary basis for the existence of emotions? |
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Definition
| Evolutionary theory suggests that universal emotions developed as advantageous signals that assist with the ultimate goal of survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a perception of time in which two or more activities may be undertaken at once. People within these cultures focus less on time and tasks, and more on relationships. |
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Term
| Examples of monochromic cultures |
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Definition
| North America and Western Europe |
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Term
| Examples of polychronic cultures |
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Definition
| Latin America and Middle East |
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Term
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Definition
| Social norms and expectations for displaying behavior |
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