Term
| Lyme titer in endemic places may be elevated |
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Definition
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Term
Chest x-ray may show a thymoma [15%] or thymic hyperplasia [65%]
Tensilon test is positive [rapid transient recovery with injection of edrophonium] |
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Definition
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Orthoneuro tests Lhermitte’s [sharp shooting pain on flexion of the neck radiating down the back, arms and even into the legs] sign might be positive
A positive Hoffmann’s [flicking the middle finger causes flexion of the thumb] and Babinski’s [up-going big toe with stroking the outer aspect of the plantar aspect of the foot] might be present
Investigations MRI may show multiple foci in the white matter of the spinal cord and brain
Lumbar puncture may show increased gamma globulins-mainly IgG |
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Definition
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Term
Orthoneuro tests Lhermitte’s [electric shocks in the arms or legs with neck flexion] sign may be positive. Babinski and Hoffman may be positive.
Investigation Cervical x-rays may show disc space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis [eburnation], osteophyte formation or a vacuum sign [nitrogen in the disc] which are indicative of degenerative disc disease [cervical spondylosis]
MRI will show the lesion and spinal cord compression. CT scan may show if
the patient has “bony lesions” such as osteophytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| CFS will show elevated protein levels with few white blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
Spinal tap will show elevated proteins but normal cells and IgG concentration
MRI of spine may show patchy areas of sclerosis in the spinal cord |
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Definition
| AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS [Lou Gehrig’s disease] |
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Term
| MRI of the spinal cord will show the cystic dilation in the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
Orthoneuro tests Spastic paralysis with hyperreflexia, clonus and a Babinski [up-going big toe with stroking the outer aspect of the plantar aspect of the foot] sign
Kernig’s [hip and knee flexion followed by knee extension produces pain in the neck] test may be positive if there is meningeal irritation by the bleeding
Brudzinski’s [passive neck flexion causes flexion of the hips and knees] test may be also positive for the same reason
Investigations CT scan and MRI will show the area and extent of damage |
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Definition
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Term
Elevated serum and urinary cortisol levels will be present
The blood sugar may be elevated; serum potassium may be low and the sodium may be high; X-ray of the spine may show osteoporosis
MRI of the abdomen may show a mass in the adrenal gland |
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Definition
| CUSHING’S DISEASE/SYNDROME |
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Term
Orthoneuro tests Decreased Deep Tendon Reflexes along with sensory changes may indicate neuropathic complications; proprioception may be lost also
Investigations Elevated Fasting Blood Sugar [>126mg/dL] on two separate conditions; random blood sugar >200; BUN and serum electrolytes may be elevated if there is diabetic ketoacidosis or renal complications; Complete Blood Count and Urinalysis if there is any infection |
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Definition
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