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| In medieval England, a collective group of 10 families that pledged to help one another and provide mutual aid |
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| In medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger |
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| in medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaing order and trying minor offenses |
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| In early English towns, an appointed peacekeeper who organized citizens for protection and supervised the night watch |
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| in early England, the chief law enforcement official in a county, forerunner of today's sheriff |
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| In medieval England, men who organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable |
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| Official appointed to act as the judicial officer in a county |
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| Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London |
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| The chief law enforcement officer in a county |
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| In the old west, members of vigilance committee or posse called upon to capture cattle thieves or other felons |
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| A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay |
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| Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
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| The arm of the Justice Department that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, and helps train local law enforcement officers |
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| Department of Homeland Security (DHS) |
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| A federal agency created to coordinate national efforts to prevent terrorist attacks from occurring within the Untied States, to respond if an attack takes place, and to reduce or minimize the damage from attacks that do happen |
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| Using sophisticated computer software to conduct analysis of behavioral patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects |
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| Automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic |
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| The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene |
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| The promotion system in which a police officer can advance in rank only after spending a prescribed amount of time in the preceding rank |
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| Designated police patrol areas |
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| Order Maintenance (peacekeeping) |
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| Maintaining order and authority without the need for formal arrest ("handling the situation")- keeping things under control by means of threats, persuasion, and understanding |
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| AN effect that occurs when criminals move from an area targeted for increased police presence to another that is less well protected |
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| An aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur |
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| Police officers assigned to enforce morality-based laws, such as those addressing prostitution, gambling, and pornography |
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| Organized groups of detectives who deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity |
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| The role of the police as maintainers of community order and safety |
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| Police patrol that takes officers out of cars and puts them on a walking beat to strengthen ties within the community |
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| Community-Oriented Policing (COP) |
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| Programs designed to bring police and the public closed together and create a more cooperative working environment between them |
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| Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP) |
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| A police philosophy suggesting that problem solving is best done at the neighborhood level, where issues originate, not at a far-off central headquarters |
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| Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) |
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| A style of police management that stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting |
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| The view that a significant portion of all police calls in metropolitan areas typically radiate from a relatively few locations: bars, malls, the bus depot, hotels, and certain apartment buildings |
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| A police unite created to combat neighborhood gang problems by targeting known offenders who have shown a propensity toward gang violence or criminal activity |
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| The unit that investigates allegations of police misconduct |
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| According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both minority-group members and law enforcement officers |
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| The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society |
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| The belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness |
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| The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to a hard charging crime fighter |
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| The use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system |
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| Low-visibility Decision Making |
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| Decision making by police officers that is not subject to administrative review-for example, when a decision is made not to arrest someone or not to stop a speeding vehicle |
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| The theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload increases, less time and attention can be devoted to new cases, especially petty crimes |
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| The way in which a person outwardly manifests his or her personality |
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| Actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks, and stopping and searching people to harass them |
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| Police killing of a suspect who resists arrest or presents a danger to an officer or the community |
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| A public body that conducted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s and uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes |
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| A term used to describe a police officer who actively solicits bribes and vigorously engages in corrupt practices |
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| A term used for a police officer who accepts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be solicited by the public |
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| An investigative unit set up to inquire into police corruption in New York City in the 1990s |
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| A system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command |
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| An order, issued by a judge, directing officers to conduct a search of specified premises for specified objects or persons and to bring these before the court |
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| The requirement that a search warrant state precisely where the search is to take place and what items are to be seized |
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| The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant: a set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an offense was committed and that the accused committed that offense |
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| Testimony that is not firsthand but relates information told by a second party |
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| Emergency or immediate circumstance |
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| A legal doctrine that allows police to search premises where they suspect a crime has been committed without a warrant when delay would endanger their lives or the lives of others and lead to the escape of the alleged perpetrator |
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| A term used to describe a stop and frisk |
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| The situation in which police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their hands lightly over the suspect's outer garments to determine if the person is carrying a concealed weapon, also called a threshold inquiry or a pat-down |
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| Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest |
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| An exception to the search warrant rule, limited to the immediate surrounding area |
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| Police investigation technique in which officers board a bus or train without suspicion of illegal activity and question passengers, asking for identification and seeking permission to search their baggage |
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| The principle that evidence in plain view of police officers may be seized without a search warrant |
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| Grounds or fields attached to a house |
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| The principle that a suspect can be questioned in a field without a Miranda warning if the information the police seek is needed to protect public safety |
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| The administrative record of an arrest, listing the offender's name, address, physical description, date of birth, employer, time of arrest, offense, and name of arresting officer; it also includes photographing and fingerprinting of the offender |
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| Placing a suspect in a group for the purpose of his or her being viewed and identified by a witness |
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| THe principle that prohibits using illegally obtained evidence in trial |
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| The principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty, as long as the police acted in good faith when they sought the warrant from a judge |
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| Inevitable Discovery Rulee |
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| The principle that evidence can be used in court even though the information that eld to its discovery was obtained in violation of the Miranda rule if a judge finds it would have been discovered anyway by other means of sources |
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