Term
| Political Chameleon by Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
A leader or head of state who observes the political winds and climates of their country. Prime examples include:
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)- French king who, in order to unify the country, converted to Catholicism and passed the Edict of Nantes- thus pleasing both the Catholics and the Hugenots of his country. "Paris is worth a mass."
Napoleon III- French emperor who gave voting rights to all males, widened the streets of Paris, and gave many Frenchmen jobs constructing public works. These strategies made him appear appealing to both the Conservatives and Liberals of France. |
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Term
| Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact by Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
| The compromise signed between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in regards to dividing and conquering the neighboring nation of Poland. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, for the foreign ministers of the USSR and Germany, respectively. Ironically enough, the treaty was one of many that both the Germans as well as the Russians broke. |
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Term
| Reason of State by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
| Reason of State means doing something for the good of the nation. It is secular (not motivated by religion). For example, Henry of Navarre outwardly "converted" to Catholicism, saying that "Paris is worth a Mass" in order to be accepted for coronation as King of France. He then proceeded to issue the Edict of Nantes, which gave toleration to Huguenots. He did this for the good of the people and the nation because although in his heart of hearts he was a Huguenot (French Protestant), he did not want to stop the French Wars of Religion. He became a "political chameleon". |
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Term
| Treaty of Versailles by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
The famous peace treaty that essentially brought an end to World War I yet contributed directly to World War II.
Provisions:
Germany must pay reparations to certain Entente powers and give land concessions
Germany must accept full responsiblity for the War and all damage to the civilian populations of the Allies
These so called War Guilt provisions contributed to Germany's unrest, disturbance, and a source of anger for the German people to rally against the Allies when Hitler rose to power. |
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Term
| Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
This treaty ended the War of Austrian Succession.
Provisions:
Austria recognized Frederick II of Prussia's conquest of Silesia as well as giving parts of its Italian lands to Spain.
Duchy of Modena and Republic of Genoa, having been conquered by Austria, were restored.
France withdrew from the Netherlands.
It concluded in the state of things before the war, basically. |
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Term
| Treaty of Nystad by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
The last peace treaty of the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden.
Provisions:
Sweden recognized the transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and Southeast Finland to Russia.
Much of Finland was returned to Sweden.
It was a shift in the balance of power because Russia emerged as a new empire and the Swedish imperial days were over. |
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Term
| Treaty of Utrecht by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
It established the Peace of Utrecht and ended the War of the Spanish Succession. Preserved Balance of Power.
Louis XIV's grandson, Philip V, was recognized as King of Spain.
Spain ceded Gibraltar to Great Britain and the Asiento- a monopoly slave-trading contract.
Spain's empire was divided: Charles VI (Holy Roman Emperor) got the Spanish Netherlands, Kingdom of Naples, and Sardinia. |
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Term
| Congress of Vienna by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
The famous treaty at the end of the Napoleonic Wars that established a Conservative order and balance of power for Europe after a time of unprecedented nationalism. They tried to suppress nationalism, liberalism, and radicalism.
Wanted:
Legitimate rulers (monarchs) on the throne
Balance of Power throughout Europe, creating a smooth Concert. There would be no French Overlord like Napoleon had been.
Compensation was key.
Key Players:
Austrian Klemens von Metternich
British Viscount Castlereagh
French Talleyrand
Prussian Karl Hardenberg
Provisions:
Russia was given most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).
German Confederation of 38 states was formed from the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Slave trade condemned.
Neutrality of Switzerland guaranteed.
The Netherlands and Southern Netherlands were united. |
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Term
| Realpolitik by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
"The reality of politics" or political realism.
It means doing what is practical and best for the nation at the present moment. It means wearing different leadership "hats" and being different things to different groups of people to satisfy them. Also, it signifies being opportunistic and taking advantage of situations-a kind of take things as they come philosophy. There are no set rules and it is not based on religion or ethical considerations.
Otto von Bismarck is a prime example, as is:
Count Cavour
Garibaldi
Emperor Napoleon III of France |
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Term
| Peace of Westphalia By Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
| Resulting peace from the 30 Years' War- decreed all German states free to determine own religion(A plus for Calvinists); gave France, Sweden, Brandenburg, and Bavaria land in Germany; Destroyed the Holy Roman Empire; and brought about the birth of the separation of Church and State. |
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Term
| Yalta Conference By Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
A meeting of the Big Three(Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt) discussing how to deal with the soon-to-be-defeated Nazi Germany as well as the war in the Pacific. Each leader desired different things:
Roosevelt-
-wished for Russian aid against Japan
-requested both Churchill and Stalin be involved in the UN
-compromised with both his wishes; gave Stalin several islands in the Pacific and railroad rights in Manchuria, and compromised with Stalin and Churchill on the formation of the UN
Churchill-
-demanded the French be given a zone in Germany, carved from the British and American ones
-insisted the Polish people receive democratic elections
- Stalin ultimately betrayed this request
Stalin-
-desired Western and Central European Spheres of Influence, and any additional land he could grasp
-also desired security to prevent another devastation of the motherland, therefore a weaker German state as well as Communist Governments as much of Eastern Europe as possible |
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Term
| Potsdam Conference By Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
July 1945 Conference attended by Truman,Stalin,and Churchill- all 3 cautious of each other.
Truman stressed free elections in Eastern Europe, denied by Stalin b/c of Soviet's desire to prevent another Reich from rising. |
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Term
| Treaty of Portsmouth By Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
Treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War- significant b/c:
it was negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt, who won the Nobel Peace Prize, and it was the first occasion where a European Empire was upset in war by a rising Asian Nation. |
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Term
| Lateran Accords By Nick Lehotsky |
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Definition
1929 Pacts between Italy and the Catholic Church created of three documents:
-A political treaty recognizing the Vatican City and its full soverignty
-agreement between Italy and the Catholic church in regards to Catholicism in the Italian State
-Settlement for Catholic Church following territory yielded to others |
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Term
| Treaty of Rome by Chris Pillion |
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Definition
| Established the European Economic Community (EEC) |
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