Term
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Definition
| the word(s) to be defined |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of words that do the defining |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives meaning to a word for the first time. ex) iPod |
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Term
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Definition
| Reports the way a word is already used in a language. ex)dictionary definitions |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces vagueness of a term. ex) poor = an annual income less than 4,000/year |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests a theory that gives a characterization of a term. ex) Heat means the energy associated with the random motion of molecules of a substance. *THEORY*- if molecules speed up, heat increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces a favorable or unfavorable attitude towards the definiendum. ex) Abortion means the ruthless murdering of innocent human beings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Denotative. Assigns a meaning to a term by indication the members of the class that the definiendum denotes. |
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Term
| demonstrative definition (extensional) |
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Definition
| Term is illustrated by pointing at object. ex) A chair means this ---> |
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Term
| enumerative definition (extensional) |
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Definition
| Assigns meaning to a term by naming members of the class the term denotes. ex) Actress means a person such as Nicole Kidman or Uma Thurman. |
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Term
| definition by subclass (extensional) |
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Definition
| Assigns meaning to a term by naming subclasses of the class stated by term. ex) Tree means an oak, pine, elm, or maple. |
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Term
| Intensional definition (Connotative) |
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Definition
| Assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities that the word presents. |
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Term
| synonymous definition (intensional) |
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Definition
| The definiens is a single word that reflects the same attributes as the term. ex) Physician means doctor. |
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Term
| etymological definition (intensional) |
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Definition
| Assigns a meaning by disclosing the word's ancestry in other languages. ex) Democracy derives from the Greek words demos, meaning populace and kratos, meaning power. |
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Term
| operational definition (intensional) |
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Definition
| Assigns meaning by specifying certain experimental procedures. ex) A pork roast is cooked if a thermometer reads at least 155F. |
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Term
| definition by genus and difference (intensional) |
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Definition
| Identifies a genus term and one or more difference words that convey the meaning when combined. ex) Tent means a collapsible shelter made of canvas or other material that is stretched and sustained by poles. (Tent is species, shelter is genus, and collapsible/made of canvas are the difference.) |
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Term
| 8 Criteria for lexical definitions |
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Definition
1)conform to standard grammar
2)convey essential meaning (convey important attributes of term)
3)shouldn't be too broad/narrow
4)can not be circular
5)should not be negative unless necessary (concord means the absence of discord (-) vs. concord means harmony
6)should avoid figurative (metaphors), obscure (defective language/overly technical), vague (blurred meaning), or ambiguous (can lead to more then one interpretation)
7)avoid affective terminology (shouldn't affect emotions with sarcasm)
8)should indicate the context (a strike in baseball, bowling, or fishing have different meanings) |
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Term
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Definition
| can be identified by examining form of argument (All A are B, All C are B = All A are C) |
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Term
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Definition
| detected by examining content of argument (A chess player is a person therefore, a bad chess player is a bad person.) |
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Term
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Definition
| tells person some harm will come unless conclusion is accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| arguer attempts to support a conclusion by evoking pity to reader |
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Term
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Definition
Uses positive desires to get reader to accept a conclusion.
-Direct approach= arguer excites emotion of crowd to accept conclusion (Adolf Hitler)
-Indirect approach= arguer aims appeal at individuals by relating to aspects of the crowd |
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Term
| bandwagon argument (indirect approach to people) |
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Definition
| you will be left behind if you don't listen to arguer |
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Term
| appeal to vanity (indirect approach to people) |
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Definition
| associates argument to someone who is admired. ex) The few, the proud, the Marines. |
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Term
| appeal to snobbery (indirect approach to people) |
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Definition
| states that by doing something, it will cause something to happen. |
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Term
| argument against the person |
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Definition
Involves two arguers. One arguer attacks the other instead of the argument.
1)ad hominen abusive- second person verbally abuses the first person.
2)ad hominen circumstantial- respondent tries to discredit by alluding that opponent is predisposed to argue a certain way
3)tu quogue- second arguer shows that argument is hypocritical(YOU did it TOO) |
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Term
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Definition
| Committed when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover. The rule is cited and wrongly applied to specific case/conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arguer distorts opponent's argument for the purpose of attacking it and destroying original argument. Usually exaggerates or is extreme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a vague conclusion is drawn instead of the correct conclusion. ex)Crimes of theft have been increasing. The conclusion is that we must reinstate the death penalty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arguer changes subject to a loosely related subject. |
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Term
| fallacies of weak induction |
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Definition
| connection between premises and conclusion is not strong enough to support the conclusion |
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Term
| appeal to unqualified authority (weak induction) |
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Definition
| Argument from unreliable authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premise states that nothing has been proved and conclusion makes an assertion about that thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a sample is not large or random enough to assume the conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
Link between premise and conclusion depends on an imagined causal connection.
1)post hoc ergo- because one event precedes another, the first event causes the second
2)non causa pro causa- what is taken to be cause of something is not really the cause and mistake is something else
3)oversimplified cause- arguer selects one out of a multitude of causes
4)gambler's fallacy- conclusion is based on chance |
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Term
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Definition
| conclusion results on alleged chain reaction and there isn't sufficient reason to believe reaction will take place |
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Term
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Definition
| Analogy isn't strong enough to support conclusion. ex)Harper's new car is blue and gets excellent gas mileage. Tom's new car is also blue. So, it probably gets excellent gas mileage. |
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