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| appeal that contains at least an implicit threat. Not always a fallacy |
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| attaking the person rather than their position |
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| An argument that points out that the other person engages in the same behavior, therefore their argument is invalid. Technically a fallacy, but often justifiably effective |
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| Mob Appeal/Bandwagon Fallacy |
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| Assuming that popularity alone is sufficient reason to believe or do something |
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| Assuming that exclusivity is enough to believe or do something. Often used in advertising |
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| False and commonly made general claim about people. This does not invalidate all general claims, especially those based on probability |
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| False claim based solely on the origins of something/someone. Variant of stereotype |
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| Misrepresenting the other's argument and then attacking the misrepresentation |
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| Reply to an argument by confusing the issues and talking about some other aspect of the subject matter not addressed by the original argument |
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Assuming the conclusion you are trying to prove
Ex: Henry VIII was king of England, since he was a male monarch who ruled England. Begging the question is also used in a looser fashion to indicate any sloppiness in an argument |
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| A question that depends on an earlier question having already been answered. Very common in politics and advertising |
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| False Dichotomy or False Dilemma |
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Two variations
Grasping the Horns of a Dilemma
Stating that there is something wrong with the characterization of x and y, both of which are mutually exclusive
Going between the Horns of a Dilemma
Pointing out that there is at least a third option besides x and y |
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| Assuming that because a person is an authority in one field, they are in another. Note: the way this fallacy is usually applied (including by philosophers) is to state that someone being an authority on x doesn't necessarily mean that they are correct about x. This is often not a fallacy at all |
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| Reaching a clonclusion based on insufficient evidence. Often not a fallacy |
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| A chain of causal claims in which one or more causal claim is false. Also known as a Wedge Fallacy, because the effects are presumed to worsen. |
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