Term
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Definition
| THE ORGANIZATION OF CLAIM AND SUPPORT INTO A CLEAR AND LOGICAL FORMAT |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ABILITY TO ENTICE THE AUDIENCE INTO EMOTIONAL INVESTMENT |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WRITER'/SPEAKERS CREDIBILITY AND RELIABILITY |
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Term
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Definition
| EMPLOYS INVALID CRITERIA FOR JUDGING A WORK OF ART. ILLOGICAL BASES THE WORTH OF ART ON IT'S ABILITY TO CREATE VERISIMILITUDE |
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Term
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Definition
| USES THE CONSENSUS OF WHAT MANY PEOPLE THINK OR DESIRE TO SUPPORT OR OPPOSE A CLAIM |
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Term
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Definition
| PURPOSELY MISREPRESENTS AN OPPONENTS ARGUMENTS IN ORDER TO MAKE IT EASIER TO REJECT |
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Term
| MINORITY PRIVILEGE (IN MARGIN IMMUNITAS) |
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Definition
| USED AS A RATIONALE, XCUSES OR CUTS SLACK FOR A WRITER'S LACK OF CREDIBILITY AND QUESTIONABLE SUPPORT BECAUSE OF THE WRITER'S MINORITY STATUS |
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Term
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Definition
| WHILE IT IS IMPORTANT TO ESTABLISH YOUR CREDIBILITY OR EXPERTISE IN A SUBJECT BEING DISCUSSED, ONE CANNOT SUBSTITUTE THEIR AUTHORITY FOR ACTUAL SUPPORT OF ONE'S CLAIM. |
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Term
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Definition
| BOLSTERING YOUR OWN POSITION BY CLAIMING THAT YOU ARE NO MOTIVATED BY PERSONAL GAIN. |
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Term
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Definition
| SUPORTING AN INTERPRETATION OF AN ARTWORK BY CLAIMING TO KNOW THE ARTIST'S/WRITER'S INTENTIONS IN CREATING THAT WORK |
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Term
RAISING THE ANTE
(CALL FOR PERFECTION) |
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Definition
| AGREEING WITH YOUR OPPONENTS POSITION BUT THEN CLAIMING THAT IT IS NOT GOING FAR ENOUGH OR RAISING ALL OBJECTIONS DESPITE ANY AGREEMENTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACCUSING YOUR OPPONENT OF WHAT HE IS ACCUSING YOU OF. |
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Term
WELL POISONING
(AD HOMINEM) |
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Definition
| REJECTS SOMEONE'S ARGUMENT BASED ON THE TRACK RECORD OF THE PERSON ARGUING OR SUBSTITUTES A PERSONAL ATTACK FOR A WELL REASONED ARGUMENT |
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Term
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Definition
| THIS FALLACY IS COMMITED IN EVALUATION ARGUMENTS WHEN DETERMINING THE WORTH OF A WORK OF ART |
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Term
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Definition
| REPLACING ACTUAL EVIDENCE WITH FLATTERY IN AN ATTEMPT TO LOWER THE DEFENSES OF THE AUDIENCE SO THAT THEY WONT THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT THE CLAIM AND THE EVIDENCE |
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Term
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Definition
| USES HUMOR TO REDUCE A POSITION TO A JOKE, MOCKING AND RIDICULING AND ARGUMENT TO DEFLECT REAL ISSUES |
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Term
| MISAPPLIED GENERALIZATION |
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Definition
| WRONGLY ATTACHES OR MISAPPLIES SUPPORT THAT MAY BE GENERALLY TRUE BUT WIL NOT WORK TO SUPPORT A SPECIFIC CLAIM |
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Term
FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
FALLACY OF EXTRAPOLATION |
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Definition
| ASSUMES THAT WHAT IS TRUE FOR ONE PARTICULAR INSTANCE CAN BE USED AS EVIDENCE TO DRAW A GENERAL CONCLUSION |
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Term
| CIRCULAR LOGIC (BEGGING THE QUESTION) |
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Definition
| OCCURS WHEN A CLAIM, THESIS, OR ARGUMENT IS SUPPORTED WITH A RESTATEMENT, ALTHOUGH THE SUPPORT ISNOT USUALLY PRESENTED AS A VERBATIM REPETITION OF A CLAIM BUT BURIED IN SYNONYMOUS LANGUAGE |
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Term
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Definition
| INVOLVES DOWNPLAYING EVIDENCE THAT CONTRADICTS OR REFUTES ONE'S POSITION WHILE ALSO INFLATING SMALLER TANGENITAL POINTS |
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Term
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Definition
| USING STATISTICS THAT ARE EITHER IRRELEVANT TO THE ARGUMENT OR FROM QUESTIONABLE SOURCES TO BOLSTER A CLAIM |
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Term
| FALSE CAUSE (POST HOC PRPTER HOC) |
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Definition
| ASSUMES A CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO EVENTS SIMPLY BECAUSE THEY HAPPENED CLOSE IN TIME |
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Term
| APPEAL TO FEAR (SCARE TACTICS) |
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Definition
| ATTEMPTING TO SCARE OR INTIMIDATE SOMEONE INTO DOING SOMETHING. EMPLOYED IN BOTH CAUSAL AND PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS, THIS FALLACY OFTEN ATTACHES A SLIPPERY SLOPE ELEMENT, A CATASTROPHIC PREDICTION OF WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE PLAN IS NOT ADOPTED OR THE ARGUMENT NOT ACCEPTED. |
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Term
| APPEAL TO FEAR (SCARE TACTICS) |
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Definition
| ATTEMPTING TO SCARE OR INTIMIDATE SOMEONE INTO DOING SOMETHING. EMPLOYED IN BOTH CAUSAL AND PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS, THIS FALLACY OFTEN ATTACHES A SLIPPERY SLOPE ELEMENT, A CATASTROPHIC PREDICTION OF WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE PLAN IS NOT ADOPTED OR THE ARGUMENT NOT ACCEPTED. |
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Term
APPEAL TO PITY
(AD MISERCORDIUM) |
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Definition
| THERE ARE JUSTIFIABLE AND LOGICAL APPEALS TO PITY; IT IS ONLY WHEN SOMEONE UNJUSTIFIABLY SUBSTITUTES PITY FOR SUPPORT IN AN ARGUMENT THAT IT IS A FALLACY. OFTEN USED IN PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS, THIS FALLACY TRIES TO AROUSE ONE'S SENSE OF PITY IN COERCING AGEEMENT WITH POSITION. |
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Term
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Definition
| LOADING AN ARGUMENT WITH UNSURE, INDEFINITE AND TENTATIVE LANGUAGE IN ORDER TO ABSOLVE ONESELF FROM THE RESPONSIBILITY OF MAKING A CLAIM. |
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Term
TU QUO QUE
(TWO WRONGS DON'T MAKE A RIGHT) |
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Definition
| JUSTIFYING AN UNETHICAL ACTION BY CLAIMING ANOTHER PERSON DI SOMETHING EQUALLY WRONG |
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Term
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Definition
| SWITCHING THE MEANING OF A KEY TERM IN THE CLAIM (USUALLY AN ABSTRACTION) WITHOUT NOTING THE SWITH. |
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Term
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Definition
| WHILE ANALOGIES ARE OFTEN USED TO SUPPORT AN ARGUMENT, WHEN THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMPARISON DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH PARALLELS, THEN THE ANALOGY MUST BE DEEMED FALSE. |
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Term
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Definition
| CLAIMING AN ARGUMENT IS PERSUASIVE BECAUSE BOTH SIDES WERE REPRESENTED OR INVERSELY, THAT AN ARGUMENT FAILS TO CONVINCE BECAUSE THE OTHER SIDE WAS NOT PRESENTED. |
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Term
FALSE DILEMMA (EITHER/OR FALLACY) OR
(BLACK & WHITE FALLACY) |
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Definition
| REDUCING AN AMBIGUOUS OR COMPLICATED MATTER TO TWO POLARIZED CHOICES. |
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Term
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Definition
| SUPPORTING A CLAIM WITH "THE WORD OF GOD" USING THE BIBLE, KORAN OR OTHER SACRED TEXTS AS SUPPORT. WHEN ARGUING ISSUES OF FAITH, SUPPORT FROM THESE SOURCES ARE ACCEPTABLE; HOWEVER CRITICAL THINKING IS BASED ON THE USE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE AND OUTSIDE THE PURVIEW OF FAITH-BASED ARGUMENTATION. |
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Term
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Definition
| SUPPORTING A CLAIM BASED ON ONE'S LIMITED POINT OF VIEW, PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OR OFFERING AS SUPPORT, "IT'S JUST MY OPINION" OR "THAT'S JUST THE WAY I SEE IT." CRITICAL THINKERS ALWAYS OFFER FACTS FOR SUPPOT OF THEIR OPINIONS AND VIEWPOINTS. |
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Term
SHIFTING THE BURDEN OF PROOF
(AD IGNORANTIUM) |
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Definition
| USING THE ABSENCE OF CONTRARY PROOF AS SUPPORT OF THE CLAIM. IN CRITICAL THINKING, IT'S ALWAY NECESSARY TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR ONE'S CLAIM. |
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Term
FALLACY OF TIME AND PLACE
(TEMPUS ET LOCUS PECULARIS) |
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Definition
| SUPPORTING A CLAIM WITH AN UNDOCUMENTED NOTION OF WHAT WAS ACCEPTABLE IN A PARTICULAR HISTORIC PERIOD OR UNVERIFIED ASSUMPTION OF WHAT IS CUSTOMARY IN A PARTICULAR CULTURE. |
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Term
| LEAP IN LOGIC (NON SEQUITAR) |
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Definition
| A MISSING LINK BETWEEN A CLAIM AND ITS SUPPORT. THE CLAIM AND SUPPORT SEEM RELATED, BUT A STEP IN THE LOGIC HAS BEEN OMITTED. |
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Term
| SLIPPERY SLOPE (DOMINO EFFECT) |
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Definition
| FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN CAUSAL AND PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS, THIS FALLACY CLAIMS THAT TAKING OR NOT TAKING AN ACTIO WILL CAUSE AN UNDESIRABLE EFFECT. IN OTHER WORDS, A PREDICTION OF WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IS SUBSTITUTED FOR VALID REASONS OF WHY A PARTICULAR CLAIM SHOULD OR SHOULD NOT BE IMPLEMENTED. |
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