Shared Flashcard Set

Details

critical evaluation of research for counseling chapters 1-5
Exam I Counseling research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods/
213
Psychology
Graduate
06/21/2013
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
Scientist –practitioner model
 Definition
acknowledge the importance of utilizing data to
(a) determine the focus of treatment,
(b) design appropriate interventions, and
(c) evaluate outcomes
Term
DBPS
 Definition
Data-based problem solver
Term
Data-based problem solver (DBPS) model is an
 Definition
extension of the scientist-practitioner model and is based
on the belief that counselors are obligated to use effective problem-solving strategies
Term
The DBPS is beneficial in that it provides trainees with the ability to
 Definition
1. rapidly assess needs,
2. monitor symptoms, and
3. evaluate outcomes (Edwards,1987). The ability to function as a data-based problem solver will allow you to
4. identify and analyze a problem,
5. develop and implement a course of treatment, and
6. evaluate outcomes within a short period of time. Empirically based literature is used to
7. define problems,
8. formulate treatment goals,
9. develop interventions, and
10. collect data.
Term
Empirically supported treatments (ESTs)
 Definition
are manualized (i.e., have specific steps to problem solving) treatment protocols
that have empirical evidence to support their use in specific situations
Term
Counseling researchers typically focus on two different aspects of the profession:
 Definition
(a) effective counseling models and
(b) aspects of the individual counselor that affect outcomes.
Term
? Problem identification is one of the critical links between
 Definition
research and practice because it facilitates intervention planning and implementation
Term
Neither demographic variables (e.g., race,gender, age, and cultural background) nor professional identity (counseling versus psychology versus social work)
 Definition
have significant impact on the outcome of counseling as a process.
Term
a counselors’level of skill,their cognitive complexity, and
their ability to relate to their clients
 Definition
are the key elements of counselors' effectiveness
Term
Critical issues central to the research process are
 Definition
1. ethics
2. multiculturalism
3. writing, and
4. reviewing the literature
Term
most basic task of generating a research question
 Definition
1. generating hypotheses,
2. determining a method, and
3. selecting a sample
Term
Research is a systematic investigation that involves
 Definition
1. collecting,
2. analyzing, and
3. interpreting information
in a sequential manner in order to increase our understanding
Term
1. Each characteristic of interest, and all aspects of the environment in which the information resides
 Definition
must be clearly defined.
Term
2. Research is not conducted purely for research’s sake; it is
conducted with
 Definition
with the intent to benefit those we serve in the profession of counseling.
Term
P>O>R>….
 Definition
Practice drives client outcomes, client outcomes drive research, and research drives practice.....
Term
Research question is
 Definition
the general question that guides the direction of the research. It defines the relationship between what you want to know and how you intend to obtain this knowledge through research.
Term
Hypothesis is based on an understanding of the subject under consideration and requires
 Definition
the researcher to apply reasoning skills in order to make a best guess about the topic to be studied.
Term
The whole point of the research is
 Definition
to test against the hypothesis in order to generate new knowledge
Term
"Variables"
 Definition
means they have more than one attribute or value
Term
a variable is
 Definition
observed or manipulated
Term
Variable is observed or manipulated, and constitutes the means by which we
 Definition
1. structure our observations about the data..., we often want to know what effect one variable has had on another or what change was evident in a particular variable
Term
Identification of the variables under consideration is key
 Definition
to the research process
Term
research types:
 Definition
Quantitative, Qualitative; Experimental, descriptive, and relational research designs
Term
Quantitative designs
 Definition
collect numerical or categorical data
Term
Qualitative designs collect data in the form of narrative answers and are often focused on
 Definition
a central phenomenon or the view of the participant,
Term
Qualitative design
 Definition
emphasizes the setting specific to the participant, and
highlights personal meaning of experience
often employed when little is known about a particular subject.
cover grounded theory, phenomenology, and narrative approaches
Term
Qualitative design uses
 Definition
focused interviews and case studies
Term
Experimental, descriptive, and relational research designs
 Definition
are three types of research designs.
Term
1. Experimental research attempts to define
 Definition
causality. It allows the research to control or alter one variable’s effect on another
Term
Independent variable is the.... AND
Dependent variable is the
 Definition
...variable being manipulated ...variable being studied
Term
The researcher measures the effect the independent variable has on
 Definition
the dependent variable. IV>DP how much IV affects DV? Or how the dependent variable responds as a result of the independent variable.
Term
Counselors want to be able to study variables in a way that enables them to describe
 Definition
the variables’variation within and among the population under consideration
Term
The ability to control for, predict, or explain this variation helps counselors
 Definition
understand the variables.
Term
Descriptive research sets out to fully define
 Definition
the presence of a particular phenomenon.
Term
Descriptive research
 Definition
tells us how things are, and it is often the first step in any research process because it empirically establishes the foundation for further lines of inquiry
Term
The type of research that is not concerned with cause and effect
 Definition
is Descriptive Research
Term
Relational or correlation research, however, looks at the
 Definition
a. relationship between existing variables and is concerned with linking or making an association between two or more phenomena
Term
type of research that results in the ability to determine whether X and Y are related and, if so, the pattern and strength of the relationship is called
 Definition
Relational or correlation research
Term
experimental research defines the variables and
 Definition
tells us how they got to be that way
Term
descriptive research provides an overview of
 Definition
the actual presence of the variables
Term
relational research describes for us how certain variables are
 Definition
in relation to other variables
Term
qualitative research focuses on the view and experience
 Definition
of the participant.
Term
Sampling and Generalizability
 Definition
are how the population for your study will be defined and sampled in order to gather the data.
Term
target population includes all the potential participants from which the research sample could be drawn based on the
 Definition
research questions being investigated.
Term
a more efficient yet effective way of conducting research is to study a subset of the population called
 Definition
a sample
Term
Sample is simply
 Definition
a portion of a total population
Term
a sample can provide researchers access to the data needed and can provide the same results as studying
 Definition
an entire population.
Term
Counselors determine the type of sampling method to be used
 Definition
prior to beginning their research.
Term
Generally, participants are randomly selected from the
 Definition
larger population to create a sample that is representative of the whole and free from bias
Term
Sample size depends on the
 Definition
type of study being conducted; the nature of the population under consideration; and the practical considerations of available time, money, and other resources allotted to the project
Term
Validity
 Definition
is the extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure actually serve the purpose for which it is intended
Term
Reliability
 Definition
is the extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure are consistent from one measurement to another
Term
A reliable research design could be
 Definition
replicated, and the results would not be statistically different from the original study.
Term
Formulation of the research problem and hypotheses…
 Definition
small slices of large problems
Term
Beginning researchers often make the mistake of looking at broad research questions
 Definition
that cannot be practically studied. Inverse is true, but to a much smaller extent.
Term
A research question is
 Definition
a statement of the problem and its significance and may be in the form of an actual question or may be a declarative statement
Term
A research question
 Definition
must be specific in its focus and intention.
Term
Research questions allow us to consider
 Definition
the next step in the research process: identifying the hypotheses.
Term
A hypothesis is
 Definition
a tentative or potential answer to the proposed research question
Term
A hypothesis is informed by existing literature and understanding of the problem.... In other words, it is
 Definition
not merely a guess about the answer but a best guess that has the backing of the researcher’s understanding of the problem and must arise out of the refinement of the research questions
Term
A hypotheseis
 Definition
must be formulated prior to data collection; otherwise, it is not a hypothesis but a data-driven response to the question.
Term
Hypotheses are posed to be either
 Definition
supported or refuted.
Term
Sampling is
 Definition
a means of identifying and selecting a portion of the total population.
Term
A good sample is a representative segment of
 Definition
that population in that it mirrors proportionately the characteristics that are present in the larger population
Term
To generate a representative sample, the researcher first
 Definition
defines the population of interest and next,the researcher must design a plan for sampling that population.
Term
Most plans involve the use of
 Definition
random selection so that the sample is dependent on mathematical probability.
Term
Random sampling allows that
 Definition
every person in the population has an equal and independent opportunity to participate in the research
Term
Sample sizes that are larger and make up a greater percentage of the actual population are
 Definition
more likely to truly represent the population being studied.
Term
The concept of generalizability is a measure of
 Definition
external validity.
Term
Stratified random sampling measures ensure that
 Definition
identified subgroups are represented in the sample-divide the overall population into the two identified subgroups,then randomly sample within these groups
Term
Convenience sampling methods are made up of the members of
 Definition
the larger population that are most accessible to the researcher (Opportunity sampling)
Term
Nonrandom methods like available classrooms or sending surveys to participants are examples of
 Definition
Convenience sampling methods
Term
The larger the sample, the smaller the magnitude of sampling error and
 Definition
the greater the likelihood that the sample is representative of the population
Term
When samples are to be subdivided into smaller groups to be compared, researchers should initially select large enough samples so
 Definition
that subgroups are of adequate size for their purpose
Term
Subject availability and cost factors are legitimate considerations
 Definition
in determining appropriate sample size.
Term
When choosing methods of research,
 Definition
we identify the research question(s)
and corresponding hypotheses. Then the subjects under consideration are identified, including the total population, the type of sample to be studied, and the sampling method selected.
Term
Specifying the instruments to be used, any test, surveys, or experimental measures must be described, including their validity and reliability as well as the rationale for using these instruments is called
 Definition
methods.
Term
In the Methods section the researcher
 Definition
discusses the specific procedures for the project, which is essentially the how,where, and when of the study.
Term
When writing the methods,
 Definition
define each proposed step in the process so that any deviation from the plan can be discussed in the results section.
Term
The final piece of the methodology proposal is to discuss how the data will be analyzed, how they will be tested against the
 Definition
hypotheses, what statistical method(s) will be used, and why those particular measures are most appropriate
Term
The ultimate goal is for the results of our research to affect and improve our ability to
 Definition
describe, predict, or explain characteristics, actions, and/or interactions within or between the subjects of observation
Term
Counselors conduct research in order
 Definition
to facilitate effective clinical practice with the populations they serve
Term
Improving/controlling behavior is
 Definition
one of the primary applications of research.
Term
Results of research
 Definition
provide evidence of effectiveness of practice and services
Term
The (or a)paradigm shift for the counselor as scientist-practitioner
 Definition
is that we use research as the basis for reflective practice and to generate ongoing rigor in clinical skills
Term
Ethical research practice requires that the research relationship be independent of any clinical relationship. From a research perspective, this prevents
 Definition
the results of the evaluation from being influenced. From a clinical perspective, such a division protects the integrity of the ongoing client–counselor relationship.
Term
(ETHICS)Best-practice research is a worthy investment of a
 Definition
participant’s time and resources. Additionally, such research is designed to result in a meaningful contribution to the profession of counseling
Term
Dual relationship issues to address
with participants. In program evaluation, for example, counselors may need to survey participants
regarding the effectiveness of the services offered. Ethical research practice requires that
 Definition
the research relationship be independent of any clinical relationship.
Term
The risks and benefits of taking part in a study must always be
 Definition
specifically outlined to participants
Term
APAstyle uses 12-point
 Definition
Times Roman or Courier
typeface. Margins are to be at least one inch at top, bottom, and both sides
Term
to consider all possible scenarios, pitfalls, and sources of error
 Definition
be aware of .
(a) variable selection(b) population sampling(c) instrumentation and (d) bias reduction
Term
Variables can be of a numerical or categorical nature.Variables are also considered independent or dependent, and
within the category of independent variables, there are
 Definition
manipulated and selected variables.
Term
Independent >>>>>>Dependent
Example: Cognitive Behavior therapy>>>>>Depression is affected
 Definition
Stimulus >>>>>> Response
Input >>>>>> output
Cause >>>>>>> Effect
Term
the dependent variable depends on the independent variable. This means that the independent variable (IV) causes
 Definition
changes to the dependent variable. purpose of research is to understand the relationship between the two.
Term
The methodology of a study determines the exact
 Definition
steps to be taken to conduct the
research.
Term
Dependent variable is what is being studied and the independent variable
 Definition
is the action placed upon the D V….? DV is the resulting change
Term
In the design of experiments, treatments are applied
 Definition
to experimental units in the treatment group(s)
Term
In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group,
 Definition
receive either no treatment or a standard treatment
Term
The IV can be manipulated or selected
If it is manipulated, the researcher selects
 Definition
participants to be exposed to this type of therapy.
Term
manipulated variables are controlled, created, applied, enforced, or enacted by the researcher, while selected variables are
 Definition
observed as they occur or after they have occurred without researcher intervention
Term
After you make the RESEARCH Question, list the possible variables, then
determine whether each possible variable is
 Definition
indeed a variable or a constant, whether it is categorical or numerical, independent or dependent, and likely to be manipulated or selected.
Term
the independent variable should lead
 Definition
to your dependent variable
Term
get very specific about what the variables mean for the purposes of your study, what they do and.
 Definition
do not include, and how you are going to
identify and measure them
Term
When we operationally define a variable, we not only
state
 Definition
its definition for the purpose of the research study at hand,
but we also state how it will be identified and measured
Term
listing of your Instrument selection:
 Definition
(a) Where will you collect your data? (b) When will you
collect your data? (c) How often will you collect your data? (d) Who will collect your data? I would
add, (e) “Why?”
Term
External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific studies,
 Definition
usually based on experiments as experimental validity.[1] In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
Term
The Hawthorne effect ( in experimental group)is a form of
 Definition
reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation.
Term
Control groups receiving the same amount of focus and attention, but not receiving the treatment of
course, must be used to decrease the potential for results to be biased because of
 Definition
the Hawthorne effect
Term
Participants in a control group compete to outperform the participants in the experimental group is an example of
 Definition
the John Henry effect
Term
The Pygmalion effect and the golem effect are forms
 Definition
of self-fulfilling prophecy, an observer bias of expectation.
Term
It is not uncommon for a strong first impression, either positive or negative,
 Definition
to influence subsequent ratings and observations
Term
Rating scales differ from an observation in that
 Definition
they imply a judgment rather than just an
acknowledgement
Term
Rating scales are used to provide a score in relation
 Definition
to how a person behaves.
Term
An interview schedule is a list of
 Definition
questions to be asked orally of a
participant.
Term
Observation forms contain specific behaviors for the researcher to
 Definition
observe and evaluate and provide a place to document the frequency of such observations.
Term
Flowchart is a
 Definition
a sheet for recording frequency counts of a behavior, as well as the intended
direction of the behavior.
Term
Control groups receiving the same amount of focus and attention, but not receiving the treatment of
course, must be used to decrease the potential for results to be biased because of
 Definition
the Hawthorne effect
Term
Participants in a control group compete to outperform the participants in the experimental group is an example of
 Definition
the John Henry effect
Term
The Pygmalion effect and the golem effect are forms
 Definition
of self-fulfilling prophecy, an observer bias of expectation.
Term
It is not uncommon for a strong first impression, either positive or negative,
 Definition
to influence subsequent ratings and observations
Term
Rating scales differ from an observation in that
 Definition
they imply a judgment rather than just an
acknowledgement
Term
Rating scales are used to provide a score in relation
 Definition
to how a person behaves.
Term
An interview schedule is a list of
 Definition
questions to be asked orally of a
participant.
Term
Observation forms contain specific behaviors for the researcher to
 Definition
observe and evaluate and provide a place to document the frequency of such observations.
Term
Flowchart is a
 Definition
a sheet for recording frequency counts of a behavior, as well as the intended
direction of the behavior.
Term
A performance checklist is
 Definition
checklist to record if, not how well, a person is engaging in
behaviors typically associated with performing a particular task.
Term
Anecdotal records
 Definition
contain specific and factual recordings, usually in
paragraph form, of observations deemed important to the researcher
Term
Time-and-motion logs are
 Definition
very detailed observations of a person or group that occur
over a specified period of time in an effort to understand underlying reasons for behavior
Term
A questionnaire includes a list of questions that the participant
 Definition
answers in writing or by marking the appropriate response.
Term
Attitude scales have a set of statements that represent
 Definition
certain attitudes,
depending on which ones the participant endorses
Term
Self-checklists contain
 Definition
characteristics or activities for the participants to check if it pertains to them
Term
Personality inventories measure
 Definition
the characteristics and traits of the participant.
Term
In a pyramid, these are ranked from the top
 Definition
1.Statistical Test 2.Experimental Design
3. Instrumentation
4.Participant Selection and Assignment
Term
Ideally, a sample should
 Definition
mirror the population it is intended to represent.
Term
Experimental validity refers to
 Definition
the process in which results are generalizable because the factors that have been tested or manipulated (e.g., the independent variable)truly effect a change in an outcome (dependent variable), and the results of the study can be applied to settings outside of the experimental setting
Term
the dependent variable is the
 Definition
variable that is being measured.
Term
When a design does not include a comparison group, this is known as
 Definition
a pre-experimental design
Term
Random assignment refers to
 Definition
the equal likelihood that a participant will be assigned to a treatment, control, or comparison group.
Term
Random assignment helps ensure experimental validity by providing
 Definition
a measure in equalizing groups and protects against selection bias; no group is predisposed to a treatment
or intervention
Term
Experimental designs that utilize both random assignment and comparison groups are known as
 Definition
true experimental designs.
Term
When comparison groups are used without random assignment, the design is known as
 Definition
quasi-experimental
Term
There are two types of experimental validity:
 Definition
Internal validity and External validity
Term
Internal validity is the extent to which the independent variable(s)
 Definition
truly effect the change in the dependent variable
Term
External validity is the extent to which the study
 Definition
can be generalized to other settings and populations
Term
Threats to internal validity can be controlled for
 Definition
thrpugh random assignment
Term
Maturation is the threat to internal validity that is the
 Definition
change in the participants over time; depression improves with time
Term
5 factors that threaten external validity are
 Definition
Interference from prior treatment,artificial treatment setting, interaction of testing and treatment,interaction of selection and treatment,interaction of treatment implementation
Term
Models for experimental design may be classified as either
 Definition
between groups, in which outcomes are compared between two or more groups, or within groups, in which a single group is measured across time using two or more different treatments.
Term
In a between-groups design, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is based on
 Definition
examination of group differences.
Term
In a true experimental design, one group receives
 Definition
a treatment or intervention (known as the treatment group), and the comparison group typically experiences no treatment (the control group).
Term
Threats to internal validity are due to extraneous variables; that is,
 Definition
any variable that is not con-
trolled, for that can affect the outcome.
Term
Statistical regression is a process by which baseline (very lowscores) and ceiling effects (very high scores)
 Definition
tend to even out over time,repeated
measures over time tend to move toward the mean.
Term
Selection bias is a common problem in pre-experimental and quasi-
experimental designs in which
 Definition
random assignment does not occur or intact groups are utilized.
Term
Researchers can also employ matching groups, which entails using
 Definition
a pretest and matching
participants with equivalent scores. Participants are randomly assigned to separate groups in order
to ensure equivalent groups
Term
INTERACTION OF SELECTION AND MATURATION This type of threat may occur due to
 Definition
different
attributes among the various groups.
Term
Demographic vari-
ables such as sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are often studied, but such studies may lack
random assignment. Group differences may not
 Definition
necessarily exist because of the variables being
studied.
Term
Raters may have different standards or be influenced
 Definition
by other vari-
ables unrelated to the study.
Term
Statistical regression is a process by which baseline (very low
scores) and ceiling effects (very high scores)
 Definition
tend to even out over time.
Term
Mortality is a threat to validity because
 Definition
participants in research studies may not complete a study thus making groups unequal
Term
Experimenter bias occurs when the experimenter predisposes participants
to a
 Definition
particular treatment. Experimenter bias is likely to occur when random assignment is not utilized.
Term
Threats to external validity are related to the
 Definition
artificiality of the experimental condition.
Term
Interaction of prior treatment is an
 Definition
example of an external validity threat
Term
In an interaction of testing and treatment,the pretest may affect
 Definition
the treatment and control groups differently.
Term
IxS+T, When studies are
conducted on populations with specific characteristics, the study is generalizable to individuals
 Definition
with those characteristics
Term
interaction of treatment implementation, as a threat to external validity,with more than one person
 Definition
to deliver the same intervention in the same manner.
Term
In a between-groups design, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is
 Definition
based on examination of group differences.
Term
In a true experimental design, one group receives a treatment or intervention (known as the treatment group), and the comparison group typically experiences no treatment (the control group). However, studies can be conducted in which two separate treatments are being compared. It is called
 Definition
a between-groups model
Term
When a quantitative measure is used to determine the effect of the
intervention, the quantitative measure is the dependent variable and the presence or absence of the treatment is the independent variable. This is the
 Definition
Posttest only model
Term
When random assignment is not used, any change in scores may not necessarily
 Definition
be attributed to the independent variable.
Term
The primary advantage of the pretest–posttest control group design is the assurance of
 Definition
equality at the onset of the study between the treatment group and control group.
Term
When comparison groups are used without random assignment, the design is known as
 Definition
quasi-experimental.
Term
Threats to external validity are related to
 Definition
the artificiality of the experimental condition
Term
The pretest can sensitize participants to the study and have
 Definition
an unintended influence throughout
the course of the study
Term
Random assignment is a preventive measure for the threat of
 Definition
interaction of testing and treatment( the higher memory scores could be
due to the participants in the treatment group attending more to the method of the pretest, rather
than the higher scores resulting from yoga practice)
Term
the researcher can be certain of the degree of equal groups at the onset of the study when
 Definition
the pretest posttest control model is used
Term
The Solomon Four Group model is where
 Definition
participants are randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) a treat-
ment group that receives both a pretest and a posttest, (b) a treatment group that receives a posttest
only, (c) a control group that receives both a pretest and a posttest, or (d) a control group that receives a posttest only. Thus, only one treatment group and one control group are administered a pretest.
pretest
Term
Using the Solomon Four Group
 Definition
the researcher can be certain of
the equivalence of the groups at the onset of the study and assess the impact of the pretest to ascertain whether or not a testing effect exists.
Term
Factorial designs are an additional element to
 Definition
between-group designs.
Term
The purpose of a factorial design is to study change in the dependent variable
 Definition
across two or more independent variables.
Term
When more than one independent variable is studied simultaneously, the statistical analysis can
become quite complex because results may not be able to be generalized across both independent variables. This is known as
 Definition
an interaction effect,
Term
The best way to demonstrate the concept of an interaction effect is
 Definition
to graph it
Term
A factorial design can be applied to any of the experimental designs and has the added benefit of
 Definition
gaining more information because more than one independent variable is being examined.
Term
A within-group design is utilized when a change in the dependent variable in a group is measured
 Definition
across time, or when participants in a group
are exposed to two or more treatments simultaneously and the outcome of the treatments are evaluated across time
Term
it is the different sequences of a treatment or series of treatments that
 Definition
is highlighted in a within-group design
Term
In a crossover design, the effect of
 Definition
two treatments can be observed across a single group.
Term
The Crossover design has the advantage of eliminating the
 Definition
sequencing effect and allowing the
researcher to compare observations and treatments
Term
A Latin square design is appropriate when
 Definition
three or more treatments will be
measured across a group.
Term
Using the Latin square model as a counterbalancing measure and random assignment is employed with three or more treatments,
not only does the design become more complex,
 Definition
but sample size must be quite a bit larger
Term
Observation1 Treatment1 Observation2 Treatment2 Observation3 is the format for a
 Definition
Latin Square
Term
The Latin square design is ideal if the researcher has
 Definition
small sample sizes
Term
Using the Latin Square, rather than participants being randomly assigned to a treatment, participants are randomly
assigned to
 Definition
a sequence of treatments.
Term
the purpose for running this design is
to increase statistical power when small sample size is an issue, it is called
 Definition
The Latin Square
Term
by running repeated
tests with several different groups with small samples, the likelihood of finding a difference where
one does not truly exist is increased. This is called
 Definition
a Type 1 error.
Term
A split plot design combines aspects of a repeated measures design and
 Definition
a factorial design
Term
Generalizability depends on
 Definition
random sampling, instrumentation, experi-
mental design, and statistical tests.
Term
Random sampling
ensures that the participants in the study are
 Definition
representative of the target population.
Term
Instrumentation includes the
use of
 Definition
accurate measures that are utilized appropriately for the study of particular phenomena.
Term
Threats to internal validity call into
question
 Definition
whether or not the independent variable truly
had an effect on the dependent variable or whether the change was possibly due to an extraneous variable.
Term
Testing threat to internal validity is known as
 Definition
sequencing effect
Term
Instrumentation threat to internal validity can be
 Definition
instrument reliability and rater reliabilty
Term
statistical regression threat to internal validity is
 Definition
that baseline and ceiling effects tend to even out over time, go toward the mean
Term
Selection bias threat to internal validity is a common problem in
 Definition
pre-experimental and quasi-
experimental designs in which random assignment does not occur or intact groups are utilized. in random assigment , MATCHING GROUPS technique is a pretest and 'matching' participants with equivalent scores into two 'random 'groups
Term
INTERACTION OF SELECTION AND MATURATION is a threat to internal validity in
 Definition
that groups of different ages can have different scores, random assignment corrects this
Term
Her majesty's tiara at st regis exhibited both selected baubles in search of magnificence...HMMTISrEbSbIsm
 Definition
threats to internal validity -history, maturity, mortality, testing,instrumentation, statistical regression, experimenter and selection biases, interaction of selection and maturation
Term
R O X O
O O
X O
O
 Definition
Soloman four group design for between groups plan
Term
//
 Definition
factorial design in between groups,allow researcher to determine the effect of more than one IV on a DV
Interaction effects – the change in the DV is not the same across the IV’s
Term
triangle with 4 groups
of X O X
O X
X O
O
 Definition
Solomon Four design for Between groups design
Term
Posttest only and the posttest and pretest are both what kind of experimental design
 Definition
Between groups design
Term
The four types of Between group experiment designs are
 Definition
FActorial, Solomon four, Posttest only and Posttest with pretest
Term
The four types of within groups experiment design are
 Definition
One group Pretest and Posttest,Times series, Crossover and Latin square
Term
HIPSTT is mnemonic for
 Definition
Hawthorn effect, Interaction, prior treatment, Sample, Testing, Treatment
Term
“True” experiment– comparison of
 Definition
variables across 2 or more groups under tightly controlled experimental conditions; random assignment to groups
Term
first ppt questions
 Definition
Supporting users have an ad free experience!