Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages |
|
Definition
Birth - 1 year (Trust v. Mistrust - Hope)
1 - 3 (Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt - Will)
3 - 6 (Initiative v. Guilt - Purpose)
6 - 12 (Industry v. Inferiority - Competence)
12 - 18 (Identity v. Role Confusion - Fidelity)
18 to 30 (Intimacy v. Isolation - Love)
30 to late adult (Generativity v. Stagnation - Care)
Late adult (Integrity v. Despair - Wisdom) |
|
|
Term
Birth to 1 year
(Erikson) |
|
Definition
Trust v. Mistrust
Hope
Trust in primary caregiver and in one's own ability to make things happen
Secure attachment to caregiver is key
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Will
New physical skills lead to demand for more choices
Most often seen as saying "no" to caregivers
Child learns self-care skills, such as toileting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initiative vs. Guilt
Purpose
Ability to organize activities around some goal
More assertiveness and agressiveness
Oedipus conflict with parent of same sex may lead to guilt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Idustry vs. Inferiority
Competence
Cultural skills and norms, including school skills and tool use
Failure to master these leads to sense of inferiority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Fidelity
Adaption of sense of self to pubertal changes
Consideration of future choices
Achievement of a more mature sexual identity
Search for new values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Love
Person develops intimate relationships beyond adolescent love
May become parents |
|
|
Term
30 to late adulthood
(Erikson) |
|
Definition
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
People rear children
Focus on occupational achievement or creativity
Train the next generation
Turn outward from the self toward others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Integrity vs. Despair
Wisdom
Person conducts a life review
Integrates earlier stages and comes to terms with basic identity
Develops self-acceptance |
|
|
Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
|
Definition
Birth - 1 year (Oral)
1 - 3 (Anal)
3 - 6 (Phallic)
6 - 12 (Latency)
12+ (Genital)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oral
Libido: mouth, lips, tongue
Task: Weaning
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anal
Libido: Anus
Task: Toilet training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phallic
Libido: Genitals
Task: Resolving Oedipus/Electra complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Latency
Libido: none
Task: developing defense mechanisms, identifying with same-sex peers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genital
Libido: Genitals
Task: Achieving mature sexual intimacy |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Stages |
|
Definition
Birth - 18 months (Sensorimotor)
18 months - 6 years (Preoperational)
6 - 12 (Concrete Operational)
12+ (Formal Operational) |
|
|
Term
Birth to 18 months
(Piaget) |
|
Definition
Sensorimotor
The baby understands the world through her senses and her motor actions
Begins to use simple symbols, such as single words and pretend play, near the end of this period |
|
|
Term
18 months - 6 years
(Piaget) |
|
Definition
Preoperational
By age 2, the child can use sympols both to think and to communicate
He develops the abilities to take others' points of view, classify objects, and use simple logic by the end of this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Concrete Operational
The child's logic takes a great leap forward with the development of new internal operations, such as conservation and class inclusion, but is still tied to the known world
By the end of the period, he can reason about simple "what if" questions |
|
|
Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
|
Definition
| Complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an individual's private explorations |
|
|
Term
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
|
Definition
| Explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connections between neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process of synapse development
(continues through lifespan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process of eliminating unused synapses
(continues through lifespan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of the brain to change in response to experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of a substance called myelin gradually cover individual axons and electrically insulate them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brain that regulates attention |
|
|
Term
Sensorimotor stage
(Piaget) |
|
Definition
| Piaget's first stage of development, in which infants use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the understanding that objects continue to exist when they can't be seen
(Piaget) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The view that the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life are genetic characteristics of all human beings
(John Bowlby) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emotional tie to an infant experienced by a parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security |
|
|
Term
Common Defense Mechanisms |
|
Definition
Denial (behaving as if problem didn't exist)
Repression (Pushing unpleasant memory into unconscious)
Projection (Seeing one's own behavior/beliefs in others)
Regression (Behaving inappropriately for age)
Displacement (Directing emotion to object/person other than the one that provoked it)
Rationalization (Creating explanation to justify an action or deal with a disappointment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget's theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Piaget)
the process of using a scheme to make sense of an event or experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Piaget)
changing a scheme as a result of some new information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Piaget)
the process of balancing assimilation and accomodation to create schemes that fit the environment |
|
|
Term
Information-processing theory |
|
Definition
| a theoretical perspective that uses the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the young child's belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
1 Month |
|
Definition
Stepping reflex
Lifts head slightly, follows slowly moving objects with eyes
Holds object if placed in hand |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
2-3 Months |
|
Definition
Lifts head up to 90-degree angle when lying on stomach
Begins to swipe at objects in sight |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
4-6 Months |
|
Definition
Rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands and knees ("creeps")
Holds head erect while in sitting position
Reaches for and grabs objects |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
7-9 Months |
|
Definition
Sits without support, crawls
Transfers objects from one hand to the other |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
10-12 Months |
|
Definition
Pulls self up and walks grasping furniture, then walks alone
Squats and stoops, plays pat-a-cake
Shows some signs of hand preference, grasps a spoon across palm but has poor aim when moving food to mouth |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
13-18 Months |
|
Definition
Walks backward and sideways, runs (14-20 mos.)
Rolls ball to adult, claps
Stacks two blocks, puts objects into small container and dumps them out |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
19-24 Months |
|
Definition
Walks up and down stairs, two feet per step
Jumps with both feet off ground
Uses spoon to feed self, stacks 4 to 10 blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflexes, such as sucking, that help newborns survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an infant behavior pattern involving intense daily bouts of crying totaling 3 or more hours a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of information from one sense to another, as happens when an infant can recognize by feel a toy he has seen but never before felt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responding to a somewhat familiar stimulus as if it were new |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theorists who argue that perceptual abilities are learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death within the 1st year of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordination of information from two or more senses, as happens when an infant knows which mouth movements go with which sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theorists who claim that perceptual abilities are inborn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research method in which a researcher keeps track of how long a baby looks at each of two objects shown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflexes, controlled by "primitive" parts of the brain, that disappear during the 1st year of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different states of sleep and wakefulness in infants
Deep Sleep
Active Sleep
Quiet Awake
Active Awake
Crying, Fussing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
a phenomenon in which an apparently healthy infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smooth movements of the eye used to follow the track of a moving object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how well one can see details at a distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interactional pattern in which a caregiver's emotional responses to an infant interfere with the baby's ability to learn how to regulate his or her emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which an infant's temperment is adaptable to his or her environment, and vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a pattern of attachment in which the infant
readily separates from the parent,
seeks proximity when stressed,
and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration |
|
|
Term
| insecure/avoidant attachment |
|
Definition
a pattern of attachment in which an infant
avoids contact with the parent
and shows no preference for the parent over other people |
|
|
Term
| insecure/ambivalent attachment |
|
Definition
a pattern of attachment in which the infant
shows little exploratory behavior,
is greatly upset when separated from the mother,
and is not reassured by her return or efforts to comfort him |
|
|
Term
| insecure/disorganzed attachment |
|
Definition
a pattern of attachment in which an infant
seems confused or apprehensive
and shows contradictory behavior, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of selecting experiences on the basis of temperament |
|
|
Term
| objective (categorical) self |
|
Definition
| the toddler's understanding that she or he is defined by various categories such as gender, or qualities such as shyness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inborn predispositions, such as activity level, that form the foundations of personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strangers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an infant's use of others' facial expressions as a guide ot his or her own emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and child |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
18-24 months |
|
Definition
runs awkwardly, climbs stairs with both feet on each step
pushes and pulls boxes or wheeled toys, unscrews lid on a jar
shows clear hand preference, stacks 4-6 blocks, turns pages one at a time, picks up things w/o overbalancing |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
2-3 years |
|
Definition
runs easily, climbs on furniture unaided
hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles
picks up small objects, throws small ball while standing |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
3-4 years |
|
Definition
walks upstairs one foot per step, skips on two feet, walks on tiptoe
pedals and steers tricycle, walks in any direction pulling large toys
catches large ball between outstretched arms, cuts paper with scissors, holds pencil between thumb and fingers |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
4-5 years |
|
Definition
walks up and down stairs one foot per step, stands, runs, and walks on tiptoe
strikes ball with bat, kicks and catches ball, threads beads on a string, grasps pencil properly |
|
|
Term
Milestones of Motor Development
5-6 years |
|
Definition
skips on alternate feet, walks on a line, slides, swings
plays ball games well, threads needle and sews large stiches |
|
|
