Term
4 Basic premises of Social Structural Theories |
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Definition
1. Focuses on social forces that influence people to commit crimes
2. Human antisocial acts behavior is social constructed
3. Characteristics are specific tolocal cultures
4. The task is to discover why social animals commit |
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Term
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Definition
-Emphasizes “deviant places” that cause delinquent behavior regardless of personal characteristics of those who reside there.
Example: Chicago School of Criminology described Chicago as having concentric rings with the highest concentration of crime being in the center (refer to textbook) |
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Term
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Definition
i. Poverty concentrates people of different cultural backgrounds and generates cultural conflict.
ii. Breakdown of informal social controls leads to social disadvantages and peer groups replace social institutions |
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Term
| 3 strengths of social disorganization theory |
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Definition
1. explains high crime rate in certain areas.
2. Accounts for transmission of deviant values from one generation to the next
3.Predicts crime rates from neighborhood characteristics |
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Term
| weakness of social disorganization theory |
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Definition
What about people in neighborhoods that do not have a lot of crime?
Why do few individuals commit a highly disproportionate amount of crimes? |
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Term
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Definition
Results from rapid social change and leads to social disregulation and weakness of restraining social norms.
Unleashes “insatiable appetites.” Seek to satisfy “insatiable appetites” through criminal activity |
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Term
| Anomie (durkheim) - Weaknesses of this theory |
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Definition
| Concentrates on whole societies and it ignores areas that are differentially affected by social disorganization |
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Term
| Strengths of Durkheim's anomie theory |
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Definition
| emphasizes power of norms and social solidarity to restrain crime and what weakens norms |
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Term
| (Merton) Anomie/Strain theory |
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Definition
| All Americans are socialized to want to attain monetary success, but some are denied legitimate means of doing so and need to resort to crime |
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Term
| Strengths of Merton's Anomie/Strain theory |
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Definition
1. Explains higher crime rates among disadvantaged and how cultural norms create conflict and crime.
2. It also explains the means of adapting to strain |
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Term
| Weakness of Merton's Strain/Anomie theory |
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Definition
| 1. Doesn’t explain why individuals that are similarly affected by strain do not always adapt similarly |
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Term
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Definition
Multiple sources of strain, resultant of negative emotions that arise from negative relationships with others and sociocultural factors.
Individual characteristics help us to cope poorly (or well) with strain |
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Term
| 2 strengths of general strain theory |
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Definition
1. Reminds us that strain is multifaceted and how individuals cope is more important than the fact that strain exists.
2. It also takes into consideration individual characteristics |
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Term
| Weakness of general strain theory |
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Definition
| 1. Criticized by many structural theorists for being reductionistic, because it fails to explore structural origins of strain |
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Term
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Definition
i. Delinquency is short-run hedonism (Maximizing pleasure and reducing pain). No utilitarian purpose
2. Lower class youths can’t live up to middle class measuring rods and thus develop status frustration. They seek status in ways peculiar to the subculture (go against the norms of society). They do not have equal legitimate opportunities to attain success. Those who do join gangs; those who do not join retreatist and conflict gangs and engage in mindless violence and vandalism (form of expressing frustration) |
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Term
| 3 strengths of subculture theory |
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Definition
1. Extends the scope of anomie theory and integrates social disorganization theory.
2. Focuses on processes by which lower class youth adapt to their disadvantages and shows that legitimate opportunities are denied to some.
3. Explains patterned ways of life that sustain delinquent values and goals |
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Term
| 4 weaknesses of subculture theory |
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Definition
1. It only explains subculture crime and delinquency, while ignoring crimes like white collar crime, cheating on taxes, homicide, shoplifting, etc.
2. There may not even be a distinct lower class culture
3. Oversimplistic
4. Supported by proscriptive values and antisocial behavior |
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Term
| List: 10 elements of institutional anomie theory |
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Definition
1. american dream
2. advancement orientation
3. indvidualism
4. universalism
5. fetishism of money
6. rooted in the capitalist economy
7. devaluation
8. family life has "tenuous position" in american value system
9. functions of the polity (providing for the collective good)
10. accomodation |
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Term
| Institutional anomie - what is the american dream? |
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Definition
| Committed to achieving goals and material success. Very competitive. |
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Term
| Institutional anomie - what is advancement orientation? |
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Definition
| People are encouraged to make something of themselves. Success is the ultimate measure of person’s value. Failure to succeed is equivalent to failing to contribute to society |
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Term
| institutional anomie - what is individualism? |
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Definition
| Emphasis on individual rights and autonomy (make own decisions, be independent). Fellow members of a society become competitors and rivals. |
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Term
| institutional anomie - what is universalism? |
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Definition
| Encouraged to aspire to social ascent; everyone is evaluated on the basis of individual achievement |
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Term
| institutional anomie - what is fetishism of money? |
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Definition
| Success is measured by accumulation of wealth. Money has value in of itself. |
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Term
| institutional anomie - how does the capitalist society play a part? |
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Definition
1. Private owners of property must be profit-oriented and eager to invest
2. Workers must be willing to exchange labor for wages. Capitalist economies are highly competitive and cultivate an innovative spirit
3. Success at any cost by whatever means necessary |
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Term
| Institutional anomie - devaluation (4) |
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Definition
1. Non-economic goals, positions, and roles
2. Education is a means of occupational attainmen
3. Neither the acquisition of knowledge, nor the learning for its own sake is highly valuable
4. Purpose of any goal is to get a better job and make more money |
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Term
| institutional anomie - tenuous position of family life in american society |
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Definition
1. Home owner is more valued than the home maker
2. Those who provide these services: nurturing and providing emotional support to others receive low levels of compensation in the labor market |
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Term
| institutional anomie - providing for the common good (4) |
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Definition
1. Not highly valued compared to economic goals
2. The term politician is disparaging unless they make a lot of money
3. Citizens who refuse to vote may experience mild social disapproval, while one whom refuses to work is socially degraded
4. Crime control function of politics (police) is the exception, because crime threatens the security, values, rights, and livelihoods and competitive prospects for their children |
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Term
| institutional anomie - what is accomodation? (3) |
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Definition
1. Economic conditions and requirements exert stronger influences on the operation of their institutions than vice versa
2. Parents worry about finding time for their jobs
3. Families are most compromised by necessity of paid employment (often both parents need to work to support a family) |
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Term
| institutional anomie - what is accomodation? (3) |
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Definition
1. Economic conditions and requirements exert stronger influences on the operation of their institutions than vice versa
2. Parents worry about finding time for their jobs
3. Families are most compromised by necessity of paid employment (often both parents need to work to support a family) |
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Term
| How does the american dream relate to anomie at the cultural level? |
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Definition
| dominant ethos (morals, value system) of the American dream stimulates crime and motivates and promotes weak normative environments |
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Term
| how does the american dream relate to anomie at the insittuional level? |
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Definition
| the dominance of the economy in institutional balance of power fosters weak social control |
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Term
| how does the american dream relate to anomie at the insittuional and cultural level? |
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Definition
1. Success is attributed to having more money
2. People forumulate wants and desires that are impossible to satisfy within the constitutions of law
3. This contributes to crime! |
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Term
| 2 basic premises of conflict theory |
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Definition
1. The struggle for power is a basic human feature
2. By means of power struggles, interest groups control law making and law enforcement |
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Term
| 3 basic premises of concensus model |
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Definition
1. Certain acts are deemed so threatening to the community’s surivival that they are designated as crimes
2. Law is a way that we settle disputes that arise when individuals stray from what the community considers acceptable
3. Recognizes that not everyone can agree on what is best for society |
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Term
| what is the question posited by conflict theorists in regards to the concensus model? |
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Definition
| If people agree on a value system, why are so many people in rebellion and in prison or committing crimes? |
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Term
| 5 basic premises of conflict model |
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Definition
1. Laws do not exist for the collective good
2. They represent the interests of specific groups that have power to get them enacted
3. Those who possess the power work to keep the powerless at a disadvantage and preserve the staus quo
4. Laws have origin in interests of few, who shape values
5. Values, in turn, shape the law |
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Term
| 3 types of power that authority uses to control society's goods and services |
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Definition
1. Police or war power
2. Economic power
3. Ideological power (beliefs, values) |
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Term
| Austin Turk: What did he say were the 3 common misconceptions about conflict theory? |
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Definition
1. most criminals are innocent
2. powerful people engage in the same amount of deviance as powerless ones
3. law enforcers typically discriminate against people without power |
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Term
| What did Austin Turk believe was TRUE regarding conflict theory? |
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Definition
| Behaviors common among the disadvantaged are more likely to be called crimes |
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Term
| What are the two distinct types of feminist theories? |
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Definition
1. radical feminist theory
2. socialist feminist theory |
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Term
| What is the basic premise of radical feminist theory? |
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Definition
| the cause of crime in women is male aggression and attempts to control and subordinate women |
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Term
| what is the basic premise of socialist feminism? |
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Definition
| view female crime in terms of class, gender, and race oppression |
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Term
| What are the four ways that feminist theory has contributed to research in criminology? |
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Definition
1. Reframing the way rape is conceptualized (Power is seen as being the motivator, not sex)
2. Reframing the way that criminologists conceive of and define violence
3. Uncovering relationship between male power, female economic dependence, and battery (ex: spouse abuse)
4. Powerful effect of gender on justice processing (Women processed differently in criminal justice system. Chivalry process) |
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Term
| What are the four basic premises of Left Realism? |
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Definition
i. Radical criminologists placed too much emphasis on evils of elite dominance and not enough on the face that disenfranchised are persistently victimized by street crime
2. Street crime is an inevitable outcome of social and political deprivation
3. Seek crime-control agenda, capable of working within the capitalist system that protects the more vulnerable members of lower class from crime and fear of crime
4. Reject state contrls and conservative right-wing repressive law and order agenda |
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Term
| Abolitionist vs Anarchist criminology |
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Definition
Abolitionist: want to return power to communities and individuals
Anarchist: Chaos and disorder |
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Term
| Abolitionist vs Anarchist criminology |
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Definition
Abolitionist: want to return power to communities and individuals
Anarchist: Chaos and disorder |
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Term
| What is Peacemaking Criminology? |
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Definition
1. Promotes the idea of peace, justice, & equality in society
2. Advocate mutual aid, mediation, and conflict resolution rather than coercion and state control
3. Basis of social movement towards restorative justice |
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Term
| What is the main premise of social process theory? |
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Definition
crime is a SOCIALIZED behavior
(environment directly influences behavior) |
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Term
| What are the four institutions of socialization? |
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Definition
1. Family
2. Parents
3. Schools
4. Religion |
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Term
| Study: Religious services vs drug use and crime rates in youth |
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Definition
| Youths in disorganized, high crime areas that attended religious services exhibited lower drug use and lower crime rates; however, solely attending religious services was not. Why? More time in a religious service means less time on the street. |
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Term
| 4 basic premises of neutralization theory |
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Definition
1. Much criminal behavior is committed by generally honest people (not hard-core criminals)
2. Most people at one time or another drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior
3. To commit crimes, good/average people must first neutralize the social values that they have already been taught
4. For otherwise good people to be able to do bad things, they must rationalize their behavior |
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Term
| List the four neutralization techniques |
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Definition
1. denial of injury
2. denial of victim
3. condemn the condemners
4. appeal to higher loyalties |
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Term
| Neutralization technique: Denial of injury |
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Definition
“I’m not hurting anybody”
“Stealing is just borrowing”
“Boys will be boys” |
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Term
| Neutralization technique: Denial of victim |
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Definition
1. “Victim had it coming”
2. “large corporations rip off customers”
3. “school charges too much tuition”
4. “recording industry wants too much profit” |
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Term
| Neutralization technique: Condemn the condemners |
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Definition
1. “It’s a dog-eat-dog wortld”
2. “politicians are corrupt”
3. “cops and judges are hypocrites”
4. “parents take their frustration out on kids” |
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Term
| Neutralization technique: appeal to higher loyalties |
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Definition
1. Loyalty to peer group is valued over rules of society
2. “everybody does it”
3. “Only a chump buys that American dream bullshit” |
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Term
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Definition
uncomfortable psychological state which occurs when beliefs and behaviors conflict
i. Ex: police officers are authoritarian and conservative within first few years of work. Change beliefs to avoid hypocrisy. |
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Term
| Kurt Luen's study: 3 types of leaders |
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Definition
1. Autocratic: leaders made all of the decisions, students worked harder when the leader was around and more more submissive
2. laissez-faire: no guidance, poor quality of work + chaos
3. democratic: leaders and students worked together; More originality, more motivated, mutual praise and playfulness during work |
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Term
| Study: Visual Judgment Experiment and conformity (Solemn & Asche) |
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Definition
Visual test: Which line is larger?
The answer is obvious, but if the majority of the members in a group say that the smaller line is the largest, then test subject will pick the “wrong” answer.
70% sided with the wrong judgment. |
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Term
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Definition
ii. Participants were paid to participate in a study for what they thought was testing memory. They were asked to play the role of the “teacher” and administer electric shocks to the student upon answering questions incorrectly. The shocks weren’t real, but the participant/teacher was told that they could be potentially lethal. It was obvious to the teacher that these shocks were causing the student pain.
Results: 2/3 subjects administered shocks at the maximum frequency upon being directed to. None of the subjects helped the person in the other room |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| Place more emphasis on individual forces, rather than group influences that may affect behavior |
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Term
| Standord University Jail Experiment, 1970 |
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Definition
What happens when you put “good” people in jail? 2 week experiment; stopped after six days due to ethical issues
Group of students acted as PRISONERS and GUARDS. They were given uniforms and status symbols to distinguish between the two groups. Prisoners were housed in small cells for 24 hours/day. The guards only worked 8-hour shifts.
Their real personalities seemed to become erased; guards were brutal and prisoners were passive. High stress reactions. |
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Term
| Linga Flight simulation study |
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Definition
Group one: Treated as flight pilot. If they believe that pilots have better vision, does their vision improve? Took standardized vision test and then were placed into a flight simulator. Instructor asks subjects to read writing on another plane. The writing is actually the same sequence of numbers and letters that was on the standard vision test. Upon reading the writing on the plane, their scores improved. 40% better performance
Group 2: told that the simulator is broken. Upon reading the marking on the plane, like group one, their scores did not improve |
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Term
| Alibhu Ghraib prison in Iraq |
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Definition
1. Soldiers abused prisoners; government said that “the system” wasn’t responsible.
2. Military policemen became bored -> elicits abuse for three months during the night shift
3. Iconic image of modern torture; man placed on box with fake electroduces. If they fell off of the box, they were told that they would become electrocuted and die.
4. Disposition vs situation: need to change the situation/system to change behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Tested 1,000 “ordinary” people in two different towns. Participants were told that the experiment is about using operant conditioning to improve memory using electric shocks. Shocks for errors. Told to continue regardless of response from student. Maximum voltage = 450 volts. Predicted that only sadists would “go all the way” (1% of americans are sadistic) |
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Term
| Study: A variation of Millgram’s Experiment: Puppies |
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Definition
Puppies were placed on top of an electric grid. Participants were told that they had to give an increasing intensity of shocks to the puppy to train it. Operant conditioning.
Results: 100% of female participants and 50% of males administered the highest intensity of shock |
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Term
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Definition
Participants were randomly given numbers and dressed in uniform. A few women were assigned to be individuated. All women were required to administer shocks to a person. The duration of the shocks administered = Dependent variable. Individuated and deindividuated groups = independent variable.
RESULTS: The women that were dressed in uniform and given numbers (deindividuated) administered shocks of a longer duration |
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Term
| List the 8 social processes that lead to evil |
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Definition
1. Mindlessly taking first step (ex: administering first shock, signing a waiver, etc)
2. Deindividuation of self (creates anonymity)
3. Dehumanization of others
4. Diffusion of personal responsibility
5. Blind obedience to authority
6. Uncritical conformity to group norms
7. Accepting ideologies that justify evil
8. Passive acceptance |
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Term
| Albert Bandura's dehumanization study |
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Definition
Experiment: Two groups give electrical shocks to person to increase problem solving skills
Group one: Told that the people completing the problem solving task “seem like animals” before beginning the experiment
Group two: Told that the people completing the problem solving task “seem like nice people” before beginning the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| theories that search for the origins of criminal behavior outside the individual |
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Term
| social disorganization theory |
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Definition
| links high crime rates to the social and economic conditions of urban communities |
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Term
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Definition
| groundbreaking studies of social disorganization theory coming out of the university of chicago between the 20s and 40s |
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Term
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Definition
| method of analysis that studies how the environment adapts to the human interactions and natural resources within it |
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Term
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Definition
social ecology
explains the distributiom of crime rates by envisioning cities as being made up of areas of social characteristics like immigration, residential mobility, housing structure, and family income |
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Term
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Definition
social conditions marked by strained relationships, deteriorating values, lack of family solidarity, and community fear
such conditions become a breeding ground for criminal activity |
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Term
| environmental criminology |
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Definition
| understanding how environmental variables, potential offenders, and targeted victims interact |
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Term
| according to the text: three basic premises of environmental criminology |
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Definition
1. Criminal behavior is significantly influenced by the immediate nature of the environment
2. distribution of crime is not random
3. understanding role of environment in the distribution of crime is essential to control and prevent it |
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Term
| what is the main, basic premise of environmental criminology? |
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Definition
| disorganized neighborhoods send a message to would-be criminals that this is a vulnerable target for crime, because the community doesnt care, is afraid, or is also involved in crime |
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Term
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Definition
| social structure theory that argues that crime is a response to conditions of strain in society |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of normlessness and confusion that leads to strain (MERTON) |
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Term
| what does anomie result from? |
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Definition
discrepency between the cultural norms that define success in life and the legitimate and appropriate ways to achieve it
goals vs means |
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Term
| Anomie: what is a conformist? |
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Definition
| somebody that chases after the american dream |
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Term
| anomie: what is a ritualist? |
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Definition
| give up, settling for minimum-wage jobs just to make ends meet |
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Term
| anomie: what is a ritualist? |
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Definition
| give up, settling for minimum-wage jobs just to make ends meet |
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Term
| anomie: wahat is an innovator? |
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Definition
recognize their limited opportunities
turn to other avenues such as stealing or selling drugs to get what they want |
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Term
| anomie: three types of people |
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Definition
1. innovators
2. conformists
3. ritualists |
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Term
| Ways of adapting to a frustrating social culture: conformity |
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Definition
actively pursue the american dream
accepts culturally designed goals and achieves them by legitimate means |
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Term
| Ways of adapting to a frustrating social culture: innovation |
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Definition
turn to illegal means to achieve goals
accept culturally desired goals and reject legitimate means |
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Term
| Ways of adapting to a frustrating social culture: ritualism |
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Definition
give up on achieving success; accept reality
reject culturally desired goals and accept legitimate means |
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Term
| Ways of adapting to a frustrating social culture: retreatism |
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Definition
reject culturally desired goals and reject legitimate means
give up on life in general and live life of crime |
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Term
| Ways of adapting to a frustrating social culture: rebellion |
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Definition
reject but subsitute culturally desired goals and legitimate means
become an activist |
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Term
| According to Agnew, what are the three types of strain? |
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Definition
1. failure to achieve positively valued stimuli
2. loss of positively valued stimuli
3. presence of negative stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| social structure theory that maintains that the root cause of crime is the clash of values between different cultures producing different beliefs about what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| rules of acceptable behavior we learn early in life |
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Term
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Definition
| group within the larger social culture that has a distinct set of norms and a unique pattern of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| values and behaviors that emerge to meet the specific conditions of the environment and that may result in deviant activities and violence |
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Term
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Definition
| subculture that emerges among youth who have a common need to resolve similar problems and who engage in delinquent behavior as a means of compensating for their lack of legitimate opportunities within the dominant social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction f the mainstream culture and hostility toward its norms and values |
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Term
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Definition
theory that violent behavior is not evenly distributed within the social structure
it is a learned pattern of behavior and an adaptation to environmental stimuli
anger, frustratiuon, conflict, provocaiton, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| variable access to illegitimate opportunities that contributes to the development of crime and delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
| indiividuals shift from conventional, law-abiding behavior to delinquent behavior by gradually altering their way of thinkinf and reacting to their acts using neutralization techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| view that everyone has the potential to commit a crime as a conseuqnece of social learning, social ties and bonds, labeling, and other social processes |
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Term
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Definition
| people learn skills, knowledge, values, motives, and roles of the groups to which they belong |
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Term
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Definition
groups of individuals who are the main influence on the process of socialization
family, peer groups, media, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| view that we learn criminal behavior in the same way that we learn any other behavior: we acquire norms, values, and parerns of behaviors conducive to crime |
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Term
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Definition
view that focuses on the interaction between an individual's personality and his or her soical environment,
person forms or fails to form the appropriate bonds to society |
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Term
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Definition
| view that deviance is not a type of behavior but rather a name or label by which society makes certain behaviors undesirable |
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Term
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Definition
| criminal behavior results from having more contact with individuals who hold attitudes favorable to criminal behavior than with individuals who hold attitudes that discourage it |
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Term
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Definition
| socialization mechanis, whereby we learn criminal behavior |
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Term
| differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| individuals learn to define their behavior according to the rewards or punishments attached to it |
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Term
| differential identification |
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Definition
| individuals symbolically identify with criminal or non-criminal parrerns of behavior is what determines whether they will commit crime |
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Term
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Definition
| groups composed of those whome we most admire, respect, and emulate |
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Term
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Definition
| view that individuals who commit crime have failed to resist the social pressures, the "pushes" and "pulls" that noncriminals are able to resist |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that there is someone or something evaluating our decisions to act in certain ways |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that our behavior is guided by our desire for socially approved goals, a commitment to the beliefs of society, a healthy and positive self-image, and the ability to manage strain and frustration |
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Term
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Definition
| ties between individuals and conventional social groups within society, such as friends, family, teachers, and coworkers, neighbors, and church members |
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Term
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Definition
offender's original act of violating the law
labeling theory |
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Term
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Definition
| continued pattern of offending based on an individual's adjustment to society's negative social reaction |
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Term
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Definition
labelling theory
occurs when a negative label applied to an individual has an enduring efect on that person's self-identity |
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Term
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Definition
| activity labeled as deviant is amplified by the spiraling effect of negative social reaction |
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Term
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Definition
examines the fundamental distribution of wealth and power within society
law is a mechanism of social control that the dominant classes use to coerce the rest into compliance
crime is defined by those in power |
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Term
| functional conflict theory |
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Definition
| view that crime results as a consequence of the disagreement between different interest groups over the definition of law |
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Term
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Definition
view that elaborates WEBER's sociology of law
crime results as a consequence of the unequal distribution of power in society, as one group is able to force its will on others |
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Term
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Definition
| term that refers to all of the criminological theories within the tradition founded by MARX and ENGELS |
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Term
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Definition
| in marxist theory, the way that people choose to organize their labor |
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Term
| proletariat vs bourgeoisie |
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Definition
proletariat: the working class
bourgeoisie: capitalists or class who owns the means of production - the land, the factories, the businesses, etc |
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Term
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Definition
prevailing personality type produced by capitalism
one that strives for self-attainment and that places only secondary importance on providing support or aid to one's neighbors |
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Term
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Definition
emphasis on equality and sharing or the sacrifice of self to help others
competition is replaced by cooperation and the desire for peace and harmony among different groups in a society |
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Term
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Definition
crime has a profound impact on criminals, victims, and society
focus should be on consequences of street crime on its victims, who often share the same backgrounds as their criminal perpetrators |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that the most probable source of criminal behavior is the individual feeling deprived relative to others in similar social groups |
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Term
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Definition
crime is a form of suffering
means by which people react to conditions of harship, injustice, and oppression |
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Term
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Definition
| views of criminology that direct attention to the role of gender and gender relations in ordering social life |
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Term
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Definition
| view that gender differenbces in criminality are more characteristic of patriarchical than egalitarian households |
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Term
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Definition
| brings together the offender, the victim, and the community |
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Term
| what is the major condition of drift? |
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Definition
-experience of injustice and despair within the social environment
-creates a disconnect with society and diminished loyalty to its values |
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Term
| neutralization techniques are highly correlated with_____ |
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Definition
gang activities
-use neutralization to protect their self-concept, especially when they are attached to their parents
-study: believe that the victim provoked the act or deserved the harm, or the act was not intended |
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Term
| 5 principles of differentia llearning |
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Definition
1. criminal behavior is learned
2. a person learns criminal behavior by interacting with others
3. a person learns criminal behavior through a process of communication within intimate personal groups
4. learning criminal behavior means acquiring the techniques of committing the crime, as well as the associated motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
5. a person's behavior is motivated by whether he or she views legal codes as favorable or unfavorable |
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Term
| Sutherland: culture conflict: 4 basic premises |
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Definition
1. a person learns to become criminal when they perceive the consequence of violating the law as more favorable than unfavorable
2. differential associations may vary in frequencxy, duration, priority, and intensity
3. process of learning criminal behavior relies on the same mechanisms that are involved in any other learning process
4. general needs and values do not explain criminal behavior, because non-criminal behavior expresses those same needs and values |
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Term
| sutherland's differential association theory: frequency, priority, intensity, and duration |
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Definition
frequency: how often they occur
priority: how early in life the associations occur
intensity: amount of prestige attributed to the person from whom the learning occurs
duration: describes how long the associations last |
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Term
| social control theory tries to explain.... |
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Definition
| why people DO NOT commit crime |
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Term
| LIST Hirschi's four components of the social bond |
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Definition
1. attachment
2. commitment
3. involvement
4. belief |
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Term
| Hirschi's four components of the social bond: attachment |
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Definition
a person's shared interests with others in society
attachment to peers and family |
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Term
| Hirschi's four components of the social bond: Commitment |
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Definition
amount of effort and energy an individual puts into conventional activities with others in society
values hard work, education, and personal success |
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Term
| Hirschi's four components of the social bond: Involvement |
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Definition
-describes how an individual spends his or her time in conventional activities
-idleness encourages deviation toward criminal behavior, while actively participating in sports, school clubs, community organizations and events, and religious groups leaves little opportunity for law breaking |
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Term
| Hirschi's four components of the social bond: Belief |
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Definition
| sharing with members of society an understanding of moral values such as honesty, equity, social responsibility, and respect |
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Term
| 7 basic propositions of labeling perspective |
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Definition
1. no act is inherently criminal; it's the law that makes an act a crime
2. criminal definitions are enforced in the interest of power groups by their official representatives, including the police, courts, etc
3. people do not become criminal by violating the law. instead, they are designated as a criminal by the reactions of authorities
4. only a few people are caught violating the law
5. criminal sanctions vary according to characteristics of the offender, and for any given offense they tend to be more frequent and most severe among males
6. the cj system is built on a stereotyped conception of the criminal as a pariah
7. individuals labeled criminal begin to view authorities and society in general as an enemy |
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Term
| functional conflict theory |
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Definition
conflict is a source of checks and balances and impetus for social change
crime is a result of disagreement over the definition of law |
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Term
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Definition
not all groups in conflict are equally powerful
crime is the result of the ability of groups in power to impose the law on the powerless groups |
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Term
| according to Bonger, the prevailing personality type produced by capitalism is what he calls ___ |
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Definition
egoism
personality that strives for self-attainment and that places on secondary importance on providing support or aid to one's neighbors |
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Term
| power control theory: 2 types of family structures |
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Definition
| patriarchical and egalitarian |
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Term
| 3 goals of restorative justice - list them |
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Definition
1. repair harm
2. encourage dialog
3. transform community and government |
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Term
| Restorative justice: goal of repairing harm - 3 components |
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Definition
-restitution (monetary compensation)
-community service
letter of apology |
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Term
| Restorative justice: encourage dialog - 3 components |
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Definition
-victim impact panel: face-to-face meeting with victim
-victim empathy course
reparative board |
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Term
| Restoratice justice: transform community and government |
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Definition
-respect essay
prison tour
alternative dispute resolution |
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