Jeffrey Skilling:  found guilty of 1 count conspiracy, 1 count insider trading, 5 counts false statements to auditors, 12 counts securities fraud.  Faced 394 years of prison, sentenced to 395 years

Ken Lay - another dude from Enron.  Died from heart failure

Those are the 2 "key players"

Marketed the Dalkon Shield, an intra-uterine birth control device, which caused sterilization, the need for hysterectomies, and death among hundreds of thousands of women.  

The serious design flaw was a porous, multifilament string which bacteria could travel into the uterus of users, leading to sepsis, injury, miscarriage, and death.

Even if crime rates go down, the criminal justice system is failing us.

US has highest rate of citizens behind bars

Blue collar workers are treated more harsh than white collar workers

Criminal Justice System isn't labeling true crime (i.e. pollution, unsafe working conditions or products) as criminal.

Necessary Design for Failure:

1.) Have laws on books against drug use, prostitution, gambling, etc. that have no unwilling victims

2.) Give police, prosecutors, and judges broad discretion to decide who got arrested, who got charged, and who is sent to prison

3.)  Prison should be painful and demeaning

4.)  Prisoners shouldn't be trained or given employment

5.)  Ex-offenders are not "decent citizens"

1.) leads to secondary crime to encourage these "legal" activities

2.)  anyone who goes to prison would realize many others who committed the same crime were not charged or sentenced to prison

3.)  MAY defer future crime, but demeaning and emasculating prisoners by enforced "childhood" with no control increases the potential for aggressive violence

4.)  Prison records should keep them from getting a job 

5.)  No right to vote, harassed by police as "usual suspects", subjects to whims of parole officers who can be sent back to prison for otherwise harmless offenses.

Rich and powerful didn't INTEND for this system to be created, it just occurred with the best of intentions.

The unplanned and unintended overall result is a system that serves the rich and powerful.

Those who need change the most cannot find it because they have no power.

Designed for Failure:

1.)  We can't reduce crime because our laws are too lenient

2.)  Crime is the cost of modern life

3.)  Blame it on the kids

4.)  We just don't know what to do

1.)  US is harsh compared to other industrial nations, and have gotten harsher.  We send 6 times the amount of prisoners to prison than the second highest country, the United Kingdom.  We still have death penalty, and have 52 offenses that it covers.

2.)  No other industrial nation has a similar crime rate, nor the acceleration as quickly as ours

3.) Young people find themselves emerging from the security of childhood into frightening world of chaos of adult responsibility.  Youngsters mimic the power of adults and attack the society that frightens and ignores them by resorting to violent crime.

4.)  Implies the system is failing.

Poverty, slums
Unemployment

Inequality

Prisons as "higher education"

Drug addiction.

In 90 minutes, three murders in US alone.

Four will die from unhealthy working conditions

1.)  We believe criminal justice system is protecting us from most grave of threats, but we're only being protected from SOME "grave" threats

2.)  We believe criminal justice system is a "true mirror" that reflects the gravest threats.  

Criminal Justice system has no place for considering one's life force when dispending justice

Did not view crime as a social problem

No expecataitons of eliminating crime

Didn't isolate the "deiant or dependent"

Religion/Christianity - men were born of corruption; deviant behavior was predictable and inevitable

Punishment was brutal and inhumane, "beat the hell out of them!"

Institutionalization of deviants

prisons were first resort

Criminal codes were humane

Goal was to construct a special setting for the deviant where he would not be tempted; they would serve their penance (where word "penitentiary" comes from

Auburn and Pennsylvania systems were born

Work programs also

Symbolic Interaction (communication) and structural functionalism; transmitting shared values through socialization

Conflict Theorist

Goal was to create and sustain a structural mechanism that reproduced a class-based society

Power perspective: the king used corporal punishment to reinforce his power over the citizens.  

Public flogging grew increasingly brutal

people started to question the king's legitimacy and became sympathetic to the accused; seeing them as victims

Patterns of punishment reflect economic cycles

When there's labor (people HAVING/SEEKING jobs), imprisonment drops, and when labor is low, imprisonment raises

When labor is scarce, prison conditions improve and more vocational programs are available.  When labor seeking is higher, prison conditions worsen to assert prison life is worse than the "real world"

Capitalism is a system of "forced labor", having a job is NOT a result of free contractual agreements

Capitalism is coercive in nature

Capitalists gets money by selling good at a profit (it's profit for employer, exploitation for employee)

The State (re: government) uses overt force to protect private property

The private property of the owner is hsi means of production

The private property of the worker is their body.

Transformation of goods into 2 dimensions:

1.) material - physical transformation

2.) Ideological - social, legal, political

Society shapes the individual into believing things it needs you to believe in order to maintain capitalist system

Law is an idealized refelction of the relations between employers and employees, but we perceive it as shaping or governing the exchange

1.)  A crime is a violation of property rights

2.) The law favors the owners: when the criminal law is used against the owners, the owner is never called a "criminal", so they're exempt from the crime

3.)  Criminal law is applied to the working class, and is used to control their behavior

As necessary as employment

Keeps the wages low, thus provides a surplus labor pool

1.)  Social Junk - relatively harmless to capitalism, i.e. the elderly, physically and mentally disabled, etc. 

Not subjected to coervice components of social control

2.)  Social dynamite - pose serious threats to prevailing social and economic order (criminals, protestors, etc.)

They end up going to prison

Society is diverse

The crimnal law serves the wishes of the powerful

A crime is a behavior so labeled

A criminal is an individual labeled

The rich/powerful are more "free' to pursue self-interests, while the poor/unpowered are more likely to be defined as criminal.

Society is uniform

Criminal law serves the greater good

Crime is a rule-breaking behavior

A criminal is someone who breaks the law, and is poorly socialized.

The Haves (Bourgeouis) - the people with power and money

The Have Nots (the Proletariats) - people without power/money

Lumpenproletariat - society's "parasites".  The antithetical to Capitalism

Marx believed that economics is root of crime, not biology, sociology, or psychology

Instrumental Marxism - role of law, law enforcers, and government

Structural Marxism - lack of oportunity, views law as source of inequality in society

Humans are rational, purposeful actors subject to unequal distribution of power that produces inevitable conflict

Conflict is due to competition between groups.

Those who have the power to change society don't, because they see no reason to.  Those who don't have the power never receive the power.

Three or more victims as part of a single, ongoing event

Tends to be domestic or in the corse of a felony

Tend to be persons familiar to aggressor

Use efficient Weapons of Mass Destruction (i.e. guns)

Tend to be white males, aged 29, with the victims being younger

40% family, 36% acquaintance, 24% stranger

Unemployed or underemployed

Repeated failure

External blamers (blame others)

There is NO regional effect!

Typologies of Mass Murderers

1.) Family Annihilator

2.)  Pseudo-Commander

3.)  Set-and-Run killer

4.) The disciple

5.) Disgruntled Employee

6.) disgruntled citizen

7.)  Psychotic

1.)  Kills entire family, and ususally commits suicide afterwards

2.) Obsessed with weapons and takes ample supplies of ammunition

3.)  Set-and-run killers: bombings or poisoning

4.)  Disciple: kill to gain acceptance or recognition by charasmatic leader

5.)  Unhappy at work, gets most media attention

6.)  Tend to be angry "at the world"

7.)  Psychotic:  break with reality and hears voices commanding the deaths of others

Individual who kills 3 or more victims at different times and often different places.  Includes a "cooling off" period between murders.

GBI operationalized hte definition as 2 or more victims in an attempt to improve detection and prevention

Often increases in brutality on each sequential murder

Victims tend to be strangers

A successful murder is someone who doen't get caught

At any time, there tends to be ~ 35 to 300 present in our society in any given year

There has been 357 Serial killers from 1960-1991

3,169 victims.

Average of 102 victims a year

males tend to kill strangers; women tend to kill "Familiars"; usually family members or those in custodial care.

Weapons tend to be personal

Motivation is control and power.

Strangers

More often females

Women and/or children

Prostitutes

Elderly

Homeless

Lonely and Isolated people in highly populated areas

Gays, and other "hate groups"

Thrill Seekers - LOVE the media attention and outsmarting the police

Mission-oriented - those who feel they're "justifying the means"; moral crusaders.

Power and control - domination.  Enjoy victim's terror, suffering, and screaming.

Mercy killer - murderer believes they're reducing suffering of victims

Economic Gain - gain access to other's income

Ostracization, Alienation, and Marginalization

Some join in forms of extreme/hate groups, others act alone

Popular students use labels (Master Status) to label other's popularity and establish their own.

When motivated to commit a crime is based on hatred, bias, or prejudice based on race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, sex, orientation

It is hating hte GROUP, not the INDIVIDUAL