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| those killers who murder within the general area of their residence |
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| murderers who kill outside the proximity of their own residence |
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| violence perpetrated on people because of their perceived race, religion, disability, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. |
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| how hate crimes differ from other violent crime |
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Definition
1. victims face greater difficulty coming to terms with their victimization
2. communities face higher levels of fear and heightened intergroup tensions
3. labeling such incidents "hate crimes" increases the amount of attention paid to these harms by the criminal justice system |
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| the cruel treatment of certain species of animals. |
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-an individual, group or formal organization that seeks to influence a group to adopt or maintain a norm.
-are those who take the lead in labeling a particular behavior and spreading or popularizing this label throughout society. |
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| a logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong. |
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Definition
"slum" zone
Once an area of considerable affluence, but now decayed and characterised by multi-occupation. The cheapest zone for housing and thus the first one settled by new immigrants. |
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| involves cracking down on minor offenses in the hope of reducing major crime as well. |
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- solidarity based on heterogeneity of populations
- lack of moral consensus and weak collective conscience
- prevalence of restitutive laws |
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| Law of quantitative variation: |
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Definition
| severity of punishment declines with social development |
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Definition
| denigration of personal identity of the offender |
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Definition
emphasizes the importance of shame in criminal punishment. The theory holds that punishments should focus on the offender's behavior rather than on the offender.
- hating the sin, not the sinner
(AA meetings) |
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Term
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Definition
born from the interdependence of individuals in more advanced societies, particularly professional dependence.
connections between individuals that allow them to form a cohesive social network. Durkheim argued solidarity is significant because it is a necessary component of a functioning civilization and a necessary component of a fulfilling human life. |
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| resulting from the contradiction between cultural goals and institutionalized means |
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Definition
| occurs when an individual kills two+ people over a period of time. Generally no prior relationship between victim and offender |
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