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Criminal Procedure
HP Criminal Procedure
107
Law
Professional
04/24/2012

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Cards

Term
Categories of evidence
Definition
Physical evidence, statements, eyewitness testimony
Term
Fourth Amendment
Definition
Protects against unreasonable search and seizure; warrants may issue upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation and describing with particularity
Term
Fifth Amendment
Definition
Protects against self-incrimination; may not be deprived of liberty without due process of law
Term
Sixth Amendment
Definition
Right to counsel
Term
Fourteenth Amendment
Definition
protection from state deprivation of privileges an immunities; guarantees equal protection; protection from state deprivation of due process
Term
Search
Definition
Invasion of any reasonable expectation of privacy
Term
Katz v. U.S.
Definition
People, not places, are protected by the 4th Amendment
Test:
1. A person has to exhibit a reasonable expectation of privacy (subjective)
2. The expectation has to be reasonable (objective)
Term
U.S. v. Jones
Definition
extended Katz test to include those things specifically enumerated in the constitutions - papers, effects, homes
Term
Definitions of home, curtilage and open fields in regard to the 4th Amendment
Definition
Home -always need a warrant to search
Open Fields - public, do not need a warrant to search
Curtilage - treated the same as home
Term
U.S. v. Dunn Test
Definition
Proximity of the area
Structures
Use of the property
Steps taken to prevent observation
Term
Cirialo
Definition
Not a 4th Amendment violation because marijuana plants were visible to the naked eye and officers were in navigable airspace
Term
California v. Greenwood
Definition
What is voluntarily conveyed to the public does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy
Term
Karo
Definition
was not a search until the item entered the house - do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in activities within curettage, just a reasonable expectation of privacy from police entering the curtilage
Term
Minnesota v. Olson
Definition
Overnight guest has a reasonable expectation of privacy within the home
Term
Categories of police contact with a citizen
Definition
1. Consensual encounter
2. Stop - reasonable suspicion
3. Arrest - probable cause
Term
Three categories of search
Definition
1. No REP - no justification
2. Frisk - reasonable belief that person is armed
3. Full-search - probable cause
Term
Terry v. Ohio
Definition
stop-and-frisk - open palm pat down requires reasonable suspicion
Term
Michigan v. Long
Definition
Applies Terry to automobiles - reasonable belief that driver or passenger is armed and dangerous can do a frisk of the car - look where occupants have access
Term
Maryland v. Buie
Definition
Protective sweep is a Terry frisk of the home - look anywhere a confederate may be lurking
Term
Terry stop timing
Definition
Several cases - subjective, but movement of he individual to another place is a detention
Term
Illinois v. Wardlow
Definition
Defendant's flight from officers in a high crime area was enough to give rise to reasonable suspicion
Term
Brown v. Texas
Definition
presence alone in a high crime area is not enough to give rise to reasonable suspicion
Term
Difference between arrest and seizure
Definition
An arrest is always a seizure, but a seizure is not always a arrest
Term
In determining an arrest from a seizure
Definition
1. Length of detention (no bright line rule)
2. Place of detention
Term
To make an arrest
Definition
1. Probable cause
2. A warrant - unless in public or exigent circumstances
Term
Arrests in public
Definition
Can be made without a warrant as long as there is probable cause
Term
Arrests in private
Definition
Require a warrant
Term
What is required to arrest a guest at someone's home
Definition
A search warrant as well as an arrest warrant because there is a reasonable expectation of privacy
Term
Exigent circumstances
Definition
1. Hot pursuit
2. Immediate destruction of evidence
3. Officer inure or danger to others
4. Prevention of escape
Term
Factors in arrest
Definition
1. How serious was the offense?
2. Level of suspicion - has to at least be probable cause
3. Was a warrant required?
4. Was force reasonable as expected by a reasonable officer on the scene?
Term
Searches of a person
Definition
1. Terry stop - frisk if believed suspect is armed and dangerous
2. Search incident to arrest - limited to wingspan (includes containers
Term
Searches of an automobile
Definition
1. Frisk - if there is a belief there are weapons
2. Search incident to arrest if arrestee is recent occupant AND:
a. if there is access at time of search
b. reasonable belief there is evidence of crime of arrest
Term
Searches of a home
Definition
1. Protective sweep - Terry frisk of home - belief confederates may be lurking
2. Search incident to arrest- wingspan, but entire room including containers
Term
Arizona v. Gant
Definition
To conduct search incident to arrest in a vehicle:
1. Arrestee must have access to the vehicle at the time of the search
2. Police have reasonable belief that vehicle contains evidence of the crime of arrest
Term
Factors in arrest
Definition
1. How serious was the offense?
2. Level of suspicion - has to at least be probable cause
3. Was a warrant required?
4. Was force reasonable as expected by a reasonable officer on the scene?
Term
Searches of a person
Definition
1. Terry stop - frisk if believed suspect is armed and dangerous
2. Search incident to arrest - limited to wingspan (includes containers
Term
Searches of an automobile
Definition
1. Frisk - if there is a belief there are weapons
2. Search incident to arrest if arrestee is recent occupant AND:
a. if there is access at time of search
b. reasonable belief there is evidence of crime of arrest
Term
Searches of a home
Definition
1. Protective sweep - Terry frisk of home - belief confederates may be lurking
2. Search incident to arrest- wingspan, but entire room including containers
Term
Arizona v. Gant
Definition
To conduct search incident to arrest in a vehicle:
1. Arrestee must have access to the vehicle at the time of the search
2. Police have reasonable belief that vehicle contains evidence of the crime of arrest
Term
Seizure
Definition
Significant interference with a possessory interest or significant interference with the movement of a person
Term
Seizure of an individual
Definition
When a reasonable person would not feel free to leave
Term
Hodari D
Definition
Must submit to a show of authority or there is no seizure
Term
Florida v. Bostick
Definition
Would a reasonable person feel free to terminate the encounter?
Term
U.S. v. Mendenhall
Definition
Seizure occurs when a reasonable person would not feel free to leave
Term
Dropped items during an legal seizure
Definition
Dropped items during flight are not the fruit of an illegal seizure because a seizure violation cannot occur until someone has actually been seized
Term
Standing analysis
Definition
Rakas test:
1. Was there a reasonable execration of privacy in the area?
2. Was there a possessory interest in the item seized?
Term
Government action requirement
Definition
4th Amendment applies only to governmental entities
Term
U.S. v. Stieger test
Definition
1. Did the government know and acquiesce to the private behavior?
2. Did the private individual do it with the motive of helping law enforcement rather than private interest?
Term
Probable cause
Definition
Whether at the time of the arrest, facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge and of which they have trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a reasonably prudent man in believing the target had committed or was committing a crime - There is no definition, but closer to the 50% mark, and cannot establish after the fact
Term
Three ways officers get information
Definition
1. Perceive it (sensory)
2. Informant - learn it from someone else
3. Learn if from other officers
Term
U.S. v. DiRe
Definition
any inference that everyone on the scene of a crime is a party to it must disappear as soon as the guilty party is singled out
Term
Ybarra v. Illinois
Definition
after execution of a search warrant, there must be a sufficiently individualized suspicion to pat down
Term
Whren v. U.S.
Definition
As long as the officer had probable cause to make a stop , the fact that the officer was using the stop as a pretext to do something he could not lawfully do does not matter
Term
Test for Informant tips
Definition
Gates test - totality of circumstances
1. Credibility - reputation, tip against interest, is nature of tip reliable
2. Reliability - personal observation or participation, detail, whether nature of tip is reliable, corroboration of the information
Term
Alabama v. White
Definition
Anonymous tip was sufficiently corroborated to create probable cause
Term
Anonymous tips
Definition
NEVER rise to probable cause alone, an only be basis of reasonable suspicion
Term
Warrant requirements
Definition
1. Probable cause
2. Supported by affidavit
3. Particularity
4. Neutral and detached magistrate
Term
Process of a warrant
Definition
Application, issuance, execution
Term
Andreson v. Maryland
Definition
"at this time unknown" in a warrant refers to evidence relating to the specific crime, not any crime in general
Term
Maryland v. Garrison
Definition
"objectively reasonable mistake" does no invalidate a search warrant - remember Los Angeles v. Rettele (where officers made mistake with naked couple was an objectively reasonable mistake)
Term
Franks v. Delaware
Definition
Error must be:
1. Intentional
2. Reckless falsity
3. Omission
Fruits of a warrant do not save a warrant
Term
Warrant exceptions
Definition
1. Search incident to arrest
2. Automobile exception
3. Exigent circumstances
4. Plain view doctrine
5. Protective sweep
6. Consent
7. Special needs search
Term
Search incident to arrest
Definition
Automatically valid anytime police make a lawful arrest of an individual - U.S. v. Robinson bright line rule
Term
Chimel v. California
Definition
Search incident to arrest is limited to wingspan (including containers)
Term
Automobile exception
Definition
If there is probable cause a vehicle may contain contraband or evidence, then an officer may search a vehicle without a warrant
Term
Automobile searches
Definition
1. Automobile exception
2. Search incident to arrest
3. Terry frisk of cars
4. Inventory search
Term
Exigent circumstances
Definition
Doctrine applies when officer will be unable to effectuate arrest, search, or seizure without quick action
1. Need probable cause
2. Must be exigent circumstances to justify warrantless action
Term
Kinds of exigent circumstances (U.S. v. McDonald)
Definition
grave nature of ongoing crimes; presence of loaded weapons, likelihood suspects are using narcotics; clear and immediate threat to officers or others; likelihood suspect will escape; urgent need to prevent loss of evidence
Term
Michigan v. Fisher
Definition
When police entered because they believed a man was injured, this was an exigent circumstance
Term
Kentucky v. King
Definition
Police can create an exigency and act on that exigency as long as they are not violating the 4th Amendment
Term
Special needs searches
Definition
Inventory search, regulatory searches
Purpose of search must be regulatory over law enforcement interest
Term
Who has a lessened expectation of privacy
Definition
students, probationers, and parolees
Term
Requirements of waiver
Definition
1. Knowing
2. Intelligent
3. Voluntary - police are not required to tell a person hey have the right to say no
Term
Exclusionary rule and consent
Definition
If consent is the fruit of an unlawful seizure, then the consent is not voluntary one you are illegally seized
Term
Authority
Definition
Who is the person that actually has the ability to exclude or say no to the search - there is an overlap of who has authority and who has an expectation of privacy
Term
Doctrine of apparent authority
Definition
Would a reasonable officer under the circumstances believed the party had actual authority to consent? (Illinois v. Rodriguez)
Term
Scope of consent
Definition
what would the reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and suspect - U.S. v. Dichiarinte - reading tax records exceeded search for narcotics
Term
Withdrawal of consent
Definition
Police cannot use to give rise to reasonable suspicion or probable cause
Term
Berghuis v. Thompkins
Definition
May do away with need for waiver besides beginning talking
Term
Exclusionary rule
Definition
If there is a constitutional violation, then the evidence cannot be used against an individual at trial
Term
Four areas where there is no good faith
Definition
1. Affiant supplies false information
2. Magistrate abandoned neutral role
3. Affidavit is lacking in indicia of probable cause
4. Warrant is facially deficient is particularity
Term
Arizona v. Evans
Definition
courthouse clerk mistake is a good faith exception
Term
Herring test
Definition
1. Officer's error must rise beyond simple negligence
2. Excluding evidence would contribute to deterrence
Term
Grounds for suppressing statements
Definition
1. Whether statements are obtained from an unlawful detention - 4th A
2. Whether statement was involuntary or coerced - 5th A
3. Whether statement was compelled - 5th A
4. Right to counsel violation - 6th A
Term
When a confession violates due process?
Definition
1. Did police subject the suspect to coercion? (objective)
2. Was the coercion sufficient to overcome the person's will? (subjective)
Term
Four areas where there is no good faith
Definition
1. Affiant supplies false information
2. Magistrate abandoned neutral role
3. Affidavit is lacking in indicia of probable cause
4. Warrant is facially deficient is particularity
Term
Arizona v. Evans
Definition
courthouse clerk mistake is a good faith exception
Term
Herring test
Definition
1. Officer's error must rise beyond simple negligence
2. Excluding evidence would contribute to deterrence
Term
Grounds for suppressing statements
Definition
1. Whether statements are obtained from an unlawful detention - 4th A
2. Whether statement was involuntary or coerced - 5th A
3. Whether statement was compelled - 5th A
4. Right to counsel violation - 6th A
Term
When a confession violates due process?
Definition
1. Did police subject the suspect to coercion? (objective)
2. Was the coercion sufficient to overcome the person's will? (subjective)
Term
Difference between compulsion and coercion
Definition
Compulsion is discouraging silence and making it difficult to assert their 5th A right. Coercion is extreme measure taken to undercut a person's free will
Term
Miranda Warnings
Definition
1. Clearly informed of right to remain silent
2. Anything said can be used in court
3. You have a right to a lawyer and have a lawyer present
4. A lawyer will be appointed if you cannot afford one
Term
Custodial interrogation
Definition
When you are in a police dominated environment, it is inherently compelling
Term
Berghuis v. Thompkins
Definition
Defendant must make an invocation of the right to remain silent
Term
Edwards
Definition
invoking right to counsel means that police cannot interrogate on other matters - all questioning must cease
Term
Patane
Definition
When a statement is taken with a Miranda violation, the constitutional violation does not occur until it is introduced at trial
Term
Rothgery
Definition
Right to counsel attaches when there is a commitment to prosecute
Term
Massiah v. U.S.
Definition
cannot deliberately elicit incriminating statements from a defendant without giving the defendant the opportunity to consult with counsel
Term
Montejo v. Louisiana
Definition
Can always approach defendant after counsel is appointed for a waiver - not Edwards protected like Miranda
Term
Three kinds of identifications
Definition
Show-up, line-up, photo arrays
Term
U.S. v. Wade
Definition
line up in not a 5th amendment violation, but can be a 6th if counsel is already appointed - line ups are a critical stage
Term
"unneccessary suggestiveness"
Definition
gives rise to a substantial likelihood of misidentification - is a due process violation
Term
5th amendment violation in identification
Definition
makes out-of-court and in-court identifications suppressible
Term
6th amendment violation in identification
Definition
only out-of-court id is suppressible
Term
Mason v. Brathwaite
Definition
created factor test for due process violation in identifications
Term
Factor test for effect of suggestive identification
Definition
1. Opportunity of witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime
2. Degree of attention paid to the witness
3. Accuracy of prior description
4. Level of certainty
5. Time between the time and confrontation
Term
Exceptions to the exclusionary rule
Definition
1. Inevitable discovery rule
2. Independent source
3. Attenuation of the taint
4. Good faith
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