Crime:  

Individual rights:

The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the US constitutional (especially those found in the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights). These rights are particularly important to criminal defendants facing for processing by the criminal justice system.   

Of federal law (public law 107- 56) enacted in response to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11 2001.  The law, officially titled the uniting and the strength inning America by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism act the, substantially   broadened the investigation authority of law enforcement agencies throughout America and is applicable to many other crimes other than terrorism. The law was slightly revised and reauthorized by Congress in 2006.

 One who speaks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice.

 One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interest of society should take precedence over individual rights.

 Justice:

An idea that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.

 Civil justice:

The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action. Civil justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation’s civil courts reflects basic American understanding of right and wrong.

Criminal justice:

 In the strictest sense, the criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law. Criminal justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation’s criminal courts reflects basic American understanding of right and wrong.

Administration of justice:

Performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial, release, post- trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders.

 Criminal justice system:

The aggregate of all Operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. The basic divisions of the operational aspects of criminal justice are the law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

Conflict model:

A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their own interest. According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies.

 Warrant:

In criminal proceedings, a writ issued by a judicial officer directing law a enforcement officer to perform specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if you are sheeting performs it.

 Booking:

A law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially recording and entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority. 

The money or property pledged to the court or  actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody.

A proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided: 1.  Whether a crime was committed, 2. Whether the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, and 3. Whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime.

 Probable cause:

A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed the specified crime. Also, reasonable grounds to make or believed and accusation. Probable cause refers to the necessary level of belief that would allow for police seizure (arrest) of individuals and full searches of dwellings, vehicles, and Possessions.

 A formal written accusation submitted to court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense.

Indictment:

A formal written accusations submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony.

 A group of jurors who have been selected according to the law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is significant evidence to determine whether there is significant evidence to bring the accused person to trial,  to investigate criminal activity generally, or to investigate the conduct of a public agency or official.

 Arraignment:

Strictly, the hearing before court having jurisdiction in the criminal case in which the identity of the defendant is established, the defendant is informed of the charge and of his or her rights, space and the defendant is required to enter a plea. Also in some usages,  any appearance in criminal court before trial.

 the criminal proceedings, the examination in court of the issue of fact or relevant mall in case for the purpose of conflicting or acquitting the defendant.

Consecutive sentence:

One or two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served in sequence with the other sentence. Also, a new sentence for a new conviction, imposed upon a person already under sentence for a previous offense, which is served at the same time as the previous sentence. 

A right guaranteed by the fifth, six, and the 14^th amendments of the US Constitution and generally understood, in legal contexts, to mean the due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights.  In criminal proceedings, due process of law is generally understood to include the following basic elements: A a law creating and defining the offense, an impartial tribunal having jurisdictional authority over the case, accusation in proper form, notice and opportunity to defend, trial according to established procedure, and discharge from all restraints or obligations unless convicted. 

Crime-control model:

A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.

 Due process model:

 A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing.

 The use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group. Social control is a primary concern of social groups and communities, and it is their interest in the exercise of social control that leads to the creation of both criminal and civil statutes.

 Criminology:

 The scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders.

 Evidence-based practice:

Crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research.

Multiculturalism:

The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society’s legal and political systems. Multiculturalism is often used in conjunction with the term diversity to identify many distinctions of social significance.