Term
| What is the composition of the neighborhood? |
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Definition
Ethnicity
Income
Poverty
Isolation
Unemployment
Segregation |
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Term
| Neighborhood experiences are likely to ______ across individuals and developmental stages |
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Definition
vary
- infants
- toddlers
- older children
- adolescents |
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Term
| What is the prime importance in families lives? |
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Definition
- Context of socialization
- Social support |
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Term
Neighborhood factors and child development:
Families and neighborhoods |
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Definition
- Social
- Health
- Educational
- Cultural practices
- Safety
- Learn about expectations of others |
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Term
Neighborhood social disorganization and social control:
Communities have difficulty maintaining what? |
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Definition
Social order
- drunks, hobos, prostitutes, gangs
Physical order
- abandoned buildings, vandalism, poor lighting
Economic institutions
- stores, businesses, restaurants, community interest groups
Collective efficacy
- informal social controls
-- less positive & trusting towards neighbors
-- less likely to look out for one another
-- less like to come together to act against crime |
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Term
Informal social control and individual behavior:
Negative condition linked to what? |
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Definition
greater access to delinquent subculture
greater exposure to criminogenic activities
lack of cohesion regarding neighborhood values against crime
- behavior is acceptable
- behavior will not be sanctioned |
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Term
| What are some findings on neighborhood effects? |
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Definition
Child and adolescent outcomes are related to structural properties of neighborhoods
- low birth weight and increased rates of asthma
- early sexual activity
- witness and engage in violence
- mental health problems |
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Term
Stress, violence, and neighborhoods:
Exposure to violence and individual behavior does what? |
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Definition
Disrupts the development of empathy for others
Increases anger and frustration
Accepts aggression as problem solving technique
Desensitization |
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Term
Living with community and violence:
Children draw their neighborhoods
Farver & Garcia |
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Definition
| When the kids from good neighborhoods drew smiling suns and trees while the kids from the bad neighborhoods drew frowning suns/clouds and someone getting shot |
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Term
| What are the three components of exposure? |
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Definition
Primary: victimization
Secondary: violence seen or heard
Tertiary: learning of serious violent acts, or threats. |
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Term
Prevalence of other exposure to violence:
Youth witnessing great deal of violence in their communities |
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Definition
1% to 47% murder
9% to 56% stabbing
4% to 70% shooting |
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Term
Prevalence of other exposure to violence:
Estimates differ because of what? |
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Definition
reporting instrument
who is being asked to respond
- parents underreport child exposure
Sample characteristics
- socioeconomic status, age, where live |
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Term
Prevalence of other exposure to violence:
Exposure to violence is cumulative |
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Definition
Those witnessing shooting likely to witness stabbing, etc
Hard to isolate exposures with greatest risk to a child because kids who experience one often experience the others |
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Term
| Why is it important to understand predictors of exposure to violence? |
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Definition
Emotional problems
- Anxiety
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Desensitization
Empathy
Violence
Academic Performance
Heart Rate and Sleep Disturbance |
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Term
Community and exposure to violence:
Intervention must focus on the source of the problem by doing what? |
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Definition
reducing the prevalence of violence within communities
- sullivan et al. |
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Term
Community and exposure to violence:
Primary focus must be on what? |
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Definition
The environment rather than on the individual experiencing the violence.
- Luther and Goldstein |
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Term
Community and exposure to violence:
Our responsibility as applied social scientists is to remain focused on changing what? |
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Definition
The environments that carry such high levels of risk for the children.
- Luther and Goldstein |
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Term
Model 3:
individual and neighborhood structure
&
neighborhood structure |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Approaching the 3rd decade in life people are approaching what? |
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Definition
| A transition in their trajectory of crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
after age 25 abnormal
50% decrease by early 20's
15% still active in late 20's
desistance is normal between 20 & 30
decline in frequency and seriousness |
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Term
|
Definition
| DRUNK ASS BETTINAAAAAAAA!<3 |
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Term
| A growing body of research suggests that there is a significant percentage of offenders whose upward trajectory of criminal behavior occurs when? |
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Definition
| At the normative age (15 to 17) |
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Term
| What are the two types of non-normative late onset offenders? |
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Definition
Adult onset offenders
Late bloomers |
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Term
| What are Adult onset offenders? |
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Definition
- Usually defined as having their first arrest sometime after the age of 20
- Possibility that onset of criminal behavior occurred prior to first arrest
- Dichotomous measure |
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Term
|
Definition
Most often measured with self-report crime
Dynamic Conceptualization:
- Examination of trajectory of criminal behavior to determine when slope of curve begins accelerating |
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Term
| Late bloomers look more like _______ in their offending trajectories than _______ through mid-adolescense. |
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Definition
| Non-offenders, High-level offenders |
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Term
| What happens to late bloomers at the age when prevalence rate of crime decreases? |
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Definition
| Late bloomers are increasing participation |
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Term
Reasons for late blooming:
Why do late bloomers bloom? |
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Definition
Thornberry & Krohn:
- individual deficits or limitations on human capital
- strong family and school ties serve to protect or buffer the effect of those deficits |
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|
Term
Reasons for late blooming:
Why do late bloomers bloom? |
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Definition
Thornberry & Krohn:
- individual deficits or limitations on human capital
- strong family and school ties serve to protect or buffer the effect of those deficits |
|
|
Term
Reasons for late blooming:
Why do late bloomers bloom? |
|
Definition
Thornberry & Krohn:
- individual deficits or limitations on human capital
- strong family and school ties serve to protect or buffer the effect of those deficits |
|
|
Term
Reasons for late blooming:
Why do late bloomers bloom? |
|
Definition
Thornberry & Krohn:
- individual deficits or limitations on human capital
- strong family and school ties serve to protect or buffer the effect of those deficits |
|
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Term
| Contrary to what we anticipated, late bloomers were? |
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Definition
| not different than non-offenders on such outcomes as welfare status, unemployment, and educational attainment in adulthood |
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Term
| We found that late bloomers had significantly higher _______ than non-offenders, even after taking into account observed differences in adolescent development. |
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Definition
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Term
| There was no significant differences in offending rates between _________ and __________ as late as age 31. |
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Definition
| Late bloomers and Chronic offenders |
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Term
| What is the next step in the process of comparing late bloomers and high level offenders? |
|
Definition
- examine trajectories out to age 31
- determine what causes the upward slope in the trajectory for late bloomers
- determine the intervening mechanisms that produce the observed outcomes in adulthood |
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Term
Can we identify the chronic offender?
- Peter Greenwood |
|
Definition
- Prior incarceration for same type of offense
- Incarceration for more than ½ of preceding 2 years
- Conviction prior to age 16
- Juvenile incarceration
- Recent narcotic use
- Adolescent narcotic use
- Employment for less than ½ of the preceding 2 years
* yes or no questions
4 or higher classified as high-rate offender.
PROBLEM WAS GETTING WAY TOO MANY FALSE POSITIVES |
|
|
Term
| Early identification of the chronic offender |
|
Definition
- prevention is better than cure
- identify and tackle risk factors
- early risk factor for offender
- prospective longitudinal studies |
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Term
| What is early prevention? |
|
Definition
Implement in early years of life course
Intervene before engaging in delinquency
- At risk for becoming delinquent
- Developmental of changeable characteristics
Prospective longitudinal research |
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Term
| What are the 3 levels of risk factors regarding chronic offenders? |
|
Definition
Individual level
Family level
Environmental level |
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Term
| Individual level risk factor |
|
Definition
low intelligence
personality and temperament
empathy and impulsivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antisocial parents
Parental supervision
Parental conflict |
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Term
| Environmental level risk factors |
|
Definition
Delinquent peer
Deprived areas
Highly delinquent school |
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Term
| Effectiveness of early intervention |
|
Definition
preschool intellectual enrichments programs
child skill training programs
parent education plus daycare services
parent management courses |
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Term
|
Definition
Behavior problems
- throws rocks at children
- packed rocks in socks
- kicked kids getting off the bus
July 3rd 1996
- youngest in oregon charged with murder
- set fire to apartments |
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Term
| Ray DeFord's Early cumulative disadvantage |
|
Definition
not at age level in reading (1st grade)
failed 1st grade
special classes for slow learners
diagnosed as slightly mentally retarded
ADHD
unable to do math
dirty and unkempt
shunned in school |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mother
- mentally retarded
- can not read or write
Father
- fugitive from New Mexico prison
- partially paralyzed by a stroke
Parents
- unemployed
- drawing disability |
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Term
| Ray Deford's early life experiences |
|
Definition
Head injury
- father beat him with a clipboard
Setting fire to a baby bottle
Rays father:
- smoked marijuana
- shot him in the leg with a bb gun
- encouraged him to drink beer and whiskey
- allowed fire and flammable liquids
- taught him how to make cyanide |
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Term
|
Definition
major component of criminal career
the least studied process
termination or ceasing to do something |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Desistance is an unusual dependent variable for criminologists because it is not an event that happens, but rather it is the sustained absence of a certain type of event" |
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Term
| What does desistance mean? |
|
Definition
offending comes to an end in a criminal career
slowing down in frequency
- deceleration
reduction in the variety of offenses
- specialization
reduction in the seriousness of offending
- de-escalation |
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Term
| Neil Shovers definition of Vagueness |
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Definition
| Voluntary termination of serious criminal participation |
|
|
Term
| Farrington and Hawkins definition of Arbitrary |
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Definition
| Having no convictions between ages 21 and 32 following a conviction before age 21. |
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Term
| Different measurement studies of desistance. |
|
Definition
Sampson and Laub
- juveniles who were not arrested as adults
Laub and Sampson
- absence of arrest (follow-up to age 70)
Warr
- individual not reporting having committed any offense in past year |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Length of follow up in measurement period is crucial
conviction data vs. self-report data |
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Term
| Issues that arise when measuring desistance |
|
Definition
How can "intermittency from offending" be distinguished from "true desistance"?
Is desistance something that is a function of age? |
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