Farrington

Disrupted Families

Do problem families produce problem children?

411 boys, london, white, working class, followed from age 8-32

Longitudinal

Intewviews

Questionnaires with teachers

By age 20:

7% chronic offenders

Co-offending to lone offending

48% with convicted fathers also convicted

19% without

54% with convicted mothers

23% without

17 peak age

Weatherburn

Poverty, parenting, peers, crime prone areas

Is there a relationship between economic stress, child neglect and juvinile crimes?

New south wales

1991-1995

Child Neglect recorded

% of single parent families

% of crowded households

High poverty- high child abuse

high child abuse - high juvinile crime rates

51% young out in evening in crime prone areas involved in crime

vs 33% in none crime prone areas

Sutherland

Differential Assiciation Theory

Perfection - the criminal will learn the skill and techniques of the crime

Interaction - The behavior is learnt through interaction with others

Motives - The criminal learns the motives, attitudes and drives

Personal Groups - The criminal's close family and friends have the most impact, intimate groups

Learnt - Behaviour is learnt

Expose & Infequency - if an individual is exposed to a crime frequently, they are more likely to learn it

Definitions - The criminal will offend when their definitions of favourable violations of the law, exceeds the number of unfavourable

Justifications - An individual might justify their behavior through need and values

Opinions - An individual creates opinions of the law

Daly and Wilson

Aim: To find out if homicide rates would rary as a function of life expectancy in Chicago

Method: Correlation

Using the local police, school and local demographic records

Procedure: Males from communties in Chicago with lower than average life expectancys than average were studied and compared to local homicide rates

Findings: Negative correlation, the lower the life expectancy, the higher the homicide rates

and the lower the school attendance, the higher the homicide rates

Conclusion:

Young men from disadvantaged area had a lower life expectancy and short term horizons, they didn't see a future for themsleves. More prone to partake in risky activities.