Term
| Code of the Streets by Elijah Anderson: Decent vs. Street Families |
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Definition
Decent families: tend to accept mainstream values more fully and attempt to instill them in their children.
-Street parents: show a lack of consideration for other people and have a rather superficial sense of family and community. Though they may love their children, many of them are unable to cope with the physical and emotional demands of parenthood, and find it difficult to reconcile their needs with those of their children. These families, who are more fully invested in the code of the streets than the decent people are, may aggressively socialize their children into it in a normative way. They believe in the code and judge themselves and others according to its values. |
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Term
| What is Anderson's concept of respect in the inner city? |
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Definition
| At the heart of the code is the issue of respect--loosely defined as being treated "right," or granted the deference one deserves. In the street culture, especially among young people, respect is viewed as almost an external entity that is hard-won but easily lost, and so must constantly be guarded. The rules of the code in fact provide a framework for negotiating respect. |
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Term
| Anderson Code of the Street. What is self-image and juice? |
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Definition
Juice- A persons share of "respect" on the streets. (You got to be and act like a BAMF ;))
Objects play an important and complicated role in establishing self image. Jackets, sneakers, gold jewelry, reflect not just a person's taste, which tends to be tightly regulated among adolescents of all social classes, but also a willingness to possess things that may require defending. |
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Term
| Code of the Streets. What is oppositional culture? |
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Definition
| Any subculture's rejection of conformity to prevailing norms and values, not just nonconformity within the educational system. Thus many criminal gangs and religious cults could also be considered oppositional cultures. |
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Term
| Code of the Streets: What are the differences between boys and girls? |
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Definition
Girls: A major cause of conflicts among girls is "he say, she say." Teenage girls are mimicking the boys and trying to have their own version of "manhood." Their goal is the same--to get respect, to be recognized as capable of setting or maintaining a certain standard. They try to achieve this end in the ways that have been established by the boys, including posturing, abusive language, and the use of violence to resolve disputes, but the issues for the girls are different. Although conflicts over turf and status exist among the girls, the majority of disputes seem rooted in assessments of beauty (which girl in a group is "the cutest"), competition over boyfriends, and attempts to regulate other people's knowledge of and opinions about a girl's behavior or that of someone close to her, especially her mother. boys are believed to control violence, girls tend to defer to them in situations of conflict. Often if a girl is attacked or feels slighted, she will get a brother, uncle, or cousin to do her fighting for her. Increasingly, however, girls are doing their own fighting and are even asking their male relatives to teach them how to fight. Some girls form groups that attack other girls or take things from them. A hard-core segment of inner-city girls inclined toward violence seems to be developing.
***One major difference between girls and boys: girls rarely use guns. Their fights are therefore not life-or-death struggles. Girls are not often willing to put their lives on the line for "manhood." The ultimate form of respect on the male-dominated inner-city street is thus reserved for men. |
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Term
Children and Youth in
Neighborhood Contexts by Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn: What were non-experimental and experimental studies on neighborhood effects? |
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Definition
In nonexperimental studies, small to moderate associations were
found, suggesting that children
and adolescents living in high income neighborhoods had higher cognitive ability and school achievement than those living in middle-income neighborhoods, and children and adolescents living in low-income
neighborhoods had more mental and physical health problems than those living in middle-income neighborhoods. -Experimental studies in which families were randomly as signed to move to low-poverty neighborhoods from housing
projects found larger neighborhood effects than nonexperimental research, particularly for boys’ outcomes. |
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Term
| Collective Efficacy Theory by Sampson |
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Definition
This refers to the actual or perceived ability of the residents of a given
neighborhood to maintain informal social control over the criminal or deviant behavior of other
residents. This would have the effect of keeping crime rates lower. |
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Term
| Studies on the prediction on high rate or chronic offenders (Chapter 5 on DeLisi) |
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Definition
| The Greenwood Scale contained 7 items thought to predict chronic offending. Offenders were scored (0=no and 1=yes) for each characteristic. Those of 0 or 1 were considered low-rate and those with 2 or 3 were medium-rate, and those who scored 4 or higher were high-rate criminals. |
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Term
| The Police and Career Criminals (Chapter6 DeLisi) |
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Definition
Law Enforcement could best be served by concentrating on offenders at the high end of the offending distribution.
(ROP)- The Repeat Offender Project was a specialized police unit in the Washington D.c Police department who charge was to selectively apprehend career criminals (People who committed more than 5 Part 1 Index crimes per week) |
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Term
| The Courts and Career Criminals: Habitual Offender (Chapter 6 DeLisi) |
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Definition
| A habitual offender is a person who has repeatedly committed the same crime. Various state and jurisdictions may have laws targeting habitual offenders, and specifically providing for enhanced or exemplary punishments or other sanctions. They are designed to counter criminal recidivism by physical incapacitation via imprisonment. |
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Term
| Corrections and career Criminals: Selective Incapacitation (Chapter 6 Delisi) |
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Definition
| Selective Incapacitation, the policy that seeks to identify and incarcerate the most chronic criminals, is the primary criminal justice policy to originate from the career criminal paradigm. Selective incapacitation is the central idea behind recent habitual offender statutes, commonly referred to as "three strikes and you're out. |
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