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Definition
Enuresis- involuntary urinary incontinence, with no physiological origin. Kids usually day &night control by 4/5 years. After 5 usually nocturnal enuresis- bed wetting. Factors associated- small bladder capacity, sound sleeping, bowel disfunction, stress and anxiety at home or school, UTIs and family history.
Can occur in older ppl too |
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Definition
| Nocturia: nighttime urination alcohol or caffeine may promote nocturia. CHF pts when lying supine, edema decreases as fluid enters the circulation. Blood flow to the kidneys increases, increasing GFR and urine output. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diuresis: water excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyuria: urine containing pus |
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Term
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Definition
| Hematuria: Urine containing blood, it can be gross (visible on examation) or occult (not visible on visual examination). Occult blood may change the color of urine from normal clear yellow or bet to a cloudy or hazy yellow or amber. As the number of RBCs increases, the urine may become bright red. Pathological causes are UTIs, urinary tract tumors, renal calculus, poisoning, and trauma to the urinary mucosa. It is expected and temporary after urinary tract or prostate surgery |
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Definition
| Dysuria: painful voiding. Associated with UTIs and is felt as a burning sensation during urination. Bladder inflammation or trauma or inflammation of the urethra can cause dysuria |
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Term
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Definition
| Polyuria: is the formations and excretion of excessive amounts of urine in the absence of a concurrent increase in fluid intake. Output of more than 2,500-3,000 ml in 24 hours is considered polyuria. Untreated diabetes insipid is and hyperglycemia can greatly increase urine output. Ingestion of diuretics, caffeine, and alcohol can result in polyuria. |
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Term
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Definition
Oliguria: formation and excretion if decreased amounts of urine, or output less than 500ml in 24hours. A severe decrease in fluid intake or disease state or injury that leads to an excessive loss of body fluids can cause oliguria.
Excessive vomiting,diarrhea, diaphoresis, burns, or bleeding can decrease urine output. |
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Definition
Anuria: Renal disease as the kidneys approach complete failure become nautical.
Anura is the formation and excretion of less than 100ml of urine in 24 hours |
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Definition
Urgency: is the subjective feeling of being able to delay voiding voluntarily. Implies a strong micturition reflex caused by inflammation or infection of the urethra or bladder, incompetent urethral sphincter, weak perineal muscle control, or psychological distress.
Most adults can postpone voiding until it contains 250-400ml of urine |
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Term
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Definition
Urinary retention: is the inability to empty the bladder of urine. The pt is either unable to perceive the feeling of bladder fullness or unable to relax bladder neck and urethral sphincter to allow urine to pass from the body. Kidneys continue to form urine, the volume within the bladder grows up to 2,000-3,000 ml. Distribution of more than 600ml can be palates in the suprapubic area of the abdomen.
Accumulation leads to urinary retention with overflow and urinary stasis which predisposes pt to UTIs and calculus development. Distinction can also lead to hydronephrosis, as urine backs up into ureters and renal pelvis.
Ppl at risk- neurologically impaired, spinal cord injury or brain lesions. Post op may be temporary until anesthesia wares off and edema subsides. |
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Term
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Definition
Urinary incontinence: is the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder. 5 types are defined by patterns of uncontrolled voiding and related causative factors: stress, urge, reflex,functional, and total incontinence.
Can lead to social isolation and depressive symptoms. In the older person often contributes to fan seeking institutional care. |
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Term
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Definition
Stress incontinence- Increased abdominal pressure causes involuntary loss of small amounts of urine
Causes: high abdominal pressures from coughing, sneezing, jumping, or weak pelvic support from obesity, pregnancy. Prostate surgery.
Treatment: kegel exercise, weight loss if obese, vaginal pessary, estrogen vaginal creams, male external catheters, surgery |
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Term
| Urge urinary incontinence |
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Definition
Urge urinary incontinence: Random involuntary passage of urine after Strong urge to avoid
Causes: overactivity of the detrusor muscle; decreased bladder capacity; irritation of the bladder; bladder infection; over distention of the bladder; intake of diuretics, coffee, or alcohol
Treatment: timed voiding schedule, anticholinergic drugs |
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Term
| Reflex urinary incontinence |
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Definition
Reflex urinary incontinence: Involuntary loss of urine, occurring at somewhat predictable intervals when a specific amount of urine is reached overcoming sphincter control
Causes: Spinal cord impairment about the sacral reflex arch (spinal cord injury, stroke, brain tumor) or radical pelvic surgery; flaccid neurogenic bladder
Treatment: in and out catheterization; alpha adrenergic drugs to relax internal sphincter, balcofen to relax external sphincter |
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Term
| Functional urinary incontinence |
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Definition
Functional urinary incontinence: Inability of normally continent person to reach the bathroom in time to avoid unintentional loss of urine
Causes: altered environment treat and sensory, cognitive, psychological, neurovascular, or mobility deficits
Treatment: toileting routine, verbal queuing reminders with assistance to bathroom, alteration of environment for easy access the bathroom, clothing that is easy to remove |
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Term
| Total urinary incontinence |
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Definition
Total urinary incontinence: a person experiences continuous, unpredictable loss of urine
Causes: Neurological lesion, Trauma to or congenital malformation in the spinal cord or brain, severe cognitive deficits
Treatment: toileting routine and verbal reminders, external catheters for men obsorbent products, excellent skin care and hygiene |
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Term
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Definition
| Cystoscopy: insertion of a tube into the bladder for direct visualization. Inserted into urethra and guided into the bladder. A light at the end of cystoscope allows the physician to look for abnormalities such as tumors, stones or structural problems. Specialized instruments can be passed through the cystoscope to remove small stones or take tissue biopsies. After the process assess for hematutia,urinary retention,dysuria or bladder spasms, and any signs or symptoms of UTI. In dwelling catheter may remain in place for a short period after |
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Term
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Definition
| Kegel exercise: loss of perineal and abdominal muscle tone can contribute to urinary retention and incontinence. Regular exercise of these structures can prevent loss of tone. Pelvic floor muscle exercises involve the tightening of perineal and anal muscles. Pts should perform these several times an hour |
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