Term
Bosnia
Origins/Historical Context: International Conditions |
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Definition
- After World War I, the victorious Western Allies created a multicultural country.
- It was captured by Nazi Germany in WWII but gained independence again after German defeat.
- Yugoslavia was part of the Eastern European bloc-allies of the Soviet Union.
- Collapse of the Former Soviet Union |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/Historical Context: State & Gov't Conditions in Yugoslavia (1) |
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Definition
| Joseph Tito, a Communist leader, reunified Yugoslavia under the slogan “Brotherhood and Unity.” Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, along with two self-governing provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina were merged. |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/Historical Context: State & Gov't Conditions in Yugoslavia (2) |
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Definition
Yugoslavia was a mixture of ethnic and religious groups that had been historical rivals, even bitter enemies,
1.Serbs (Orthodox Christians)
2.Croats (Catholics)
3.and Ethnic Albanians (Muslims) |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/Historical Context: State & Gov't Conditions in Yugoslavia (3) |
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Definition
| Tito maintained ties with the USSR and the US during the Cold War, playing one superpower against the other. |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/Historical Context: State & Gov't Conditions in Yugoslavia 1980's |
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Definition
- When Tito died in 1980 Yugoslavia went into political and economical turmoil.
- Increased nationalists tensions led to the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990’s.
- Late 1980s, a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic used nationalism and religious hatred to gain power.
- 1989 Milosevic is the President of Serbia
- Milosevic teamed up with politicians across Yugoslavia to remove President Ivan Stambolic from power. |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/Historical Context: State & Gov't Conditions in Yugoslavia 1991 pt.1 |
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Definition
- In 1991, Milosevic sent Yugoslav Army troops to Kosovo.
- Serbs vs. Kosovo
1. Milosevic exacerbated long-standing tensions between Serbs and Muslims in the independent province of Kosovo.
2. Orthodox Christian Serbs in Kosovo were in the minority and claimed they were being mistreated by the Albanian Muslim majority. Serbian-backed political unrest in Kosovo eventually led to its loss of independence and domination by Milosevic. |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/ Historical Context: State & Gov't conditions 1991 pt.2 |
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Definition
- In June 1991, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia declared their independence resulting in a civil war.
- Milosevic didn’t care about Slovenia (no Serbs – actually he was pushed out by the Slovenians.)
- He focused on Croatia where Serbs were a minority. |
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Term
Bosnia
Origins/ Historical Context: State & Gov't conditions 1991 pt.3 |
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Definition
- War between Milosevic’s Serbs and Croatia
1. Milosevic's forces invaded in July 1991 to 'protect' the Serbian minority.
2. They bombarded the outgunned Croats for 86 consecutive days and reduced a main city to rubble.
3. The Serbs began the first mass executions of the conflict, killing hundreds of Croat men and burying them in mass graves.
- The response of the international community was limited.
- An arms embargo was imposed for all of the former Yugoslavia by the United Nations. |
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Term
Bosnia
Goal/Ideology: Serb's |
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Definition
• Creation of a Great Serbia which will composed of Serbs.
• Need to expel or get rid of non Serbs.
• Creation of Republika Srpska within Bosnia and Herzegovina. |
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Term
Bosnia
Goal/Ideology: Bosnia Croat's |
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Definition
• They became disillusioned with the Sarajevo government and, supported by the Croatian government, turned to establish their own ethnically based state of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia in Herzegovina and Central Bosnia.
• Bosnian Muslims/ some Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats’ Goals/Ideology
• Promotion of a multi-ethnic Bosnia under central control. |
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Term
Bosnia
Resources: International and Domestic |
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Definition
- Bosnian Serbs: Serbia & Yugloslav Army
- Bosnian Croats: Croatia & its army |
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Term
Bosnia
Targets: For the Croats and Bosnian Croats |
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Definition
- Bosnian Muslims and allies/supported in Bosnia.
- Bosnian Muslims’ property and architecture.
- They made an agreement with Serbs and Bosnian Serbs to partition/divide Bosnia-Herzegovina. |
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Term
Bosnia
Targets: For Bosnian Muslims |
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Definition
- Serbs and Bosnian Serbs who are against the Sarajevo government
- Croats and Bosnian Croats who are against the Sarajevo government. |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence 1990 |
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Definition
• November 1990 Multi party elections. Coalition government of 3 ethnically based parties. Rotating leadership.
• Declaration of Independence by Croatia and Slovenia led to a split among Bosnians over the question whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation (favored by Serbs) or seek independence (favored by Bosniaks/Bosnian Muslisms and Croats) |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence 1991 |
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Definition
• October 1991. Bosnian Serb members of parliament abandoned the Parliament and created the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia Herzegovina. End of the tri ethnic coalition ruling Bosnia.
• In November 1991. Bosnian Croats established the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia as a separate state in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• Bosnia-Herzegonia held a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia in March 1991.
• Referendum was boycotted by the Serbs.
• October 1991 Declaration of Sovereignty by Bosnia-Herzegovina |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence 1992 |
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Definition
• January 1992. The Assembly established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina which later became Republika Srpska in August 1992.
• March 1992 Referendum for Independence from Yugoslavia. Serbs boycotted.Turnout 63.4% 99.7% in favor
• March 1992 Declaration of Independence from Yugoslavia
• April 1992 International Recognition |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence pt.4 |
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Definition
• The president of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic, who was Serbian, attacked Bosnia, which was made up of mostly Muslims.
• In the capital of Sarajevo, Serbian snipers targeted innocent civilians, including children (3, 500).
• The Serbs rounded up Muslims, put the men and boys into makeshift concentration camps, and raped the women and girls. They also destroyed Muslim mosques and historic architecture.
• The U.N. deployed troops to protect the distribution of food and medicine to dispossessed Muslims.
• The U.N. strictly prohibited its troops from interfering militarily against the Serbs.
• Economic sanctions were imposed against Serbia. |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence 1993 |
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Definition
| • Throughout 1993, confident that the U.N., United States and the European Community would not take militarily action, Serbs in Bosnia freely committed genocide against Muslims. |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence 1994 |
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Definition
• February 1994- Serbs attacked a market place in Sarajevo killing 68 persons and wounding nearly 200.
• The international media began calling for military intervention against the Serbs.
• President Clinton gave warning to Serbs and Milosevic through NATO demanding that the Serbs withdraw from Sarajevo.
• UN peacekeepers were eventually sent to Bosnia, to build safe zones, but the Serbs attacked the safe zones and the peacekeepers. NATO troops responded.
• The Serbs retaliated by taking hundreds of UN peacekeepers as hostages and turning them into human shields. |
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Term
Bosnia
Evolution of Violence 1995 |
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Definition
• In July 1995, Serbian troops under the leadership of General Ratko Mladic killed 8,000 Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• In August of 1995, NATO stepped in and ended the conflict by bombing Bosnian Serbs.
• By then, the death toll in Bosnia reached 200,000 Muslims killed, 20,000 missing, and more than 2,000,000 displaced.
• Several days of heavy NATO bombardment brought Milosevic to the peace table.
• A cease fire was struck and NATO sent in 60,000 troops to protect it. |
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Term
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Definition
• Bosnia Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three member Presidency composed of a members from each major ethnic group.
• Central government is decentralized.
• Country is composed of two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. |
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Term
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Definition
• Milosevic was charged with genocide by the UN.
• Milosevic’s trial never finished, there were several delays due to judges resigning and Milosevic’s health
• Milosevic was found dead in his jail cell in March 2006.
• Trials have continued. |
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Term
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Definition
• February 26, 2007
- International Court of Justice found that Serbia was neither directly responsible for the Srebrenica genocide not that it was complicit in it. But it found out that Serbia failed to prevent the genocide from occurring and for not cooperating with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (TCY) in punishing the perpetrators of the genocide and for violating its obligation to comply with the provisional measures ordered by the court. |
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Term
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Definition
• Rwanda presents a case study of political violence from above by the Hutu led government and from below by the Tutsi who are rebelling and protecting themselves from the Hutus.
• The Genocide of the Tutsi by the Hutus took place in 1994. |
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Term
Rwanda
Origins/historical context: International Conditions |
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Definition
- Colonial rule-Rwanda was a colony of Belgium until 1961.
- Belgium favored Tutsis because they look European. They established a system of ID cards to know who was a Tutsi or a Hutu.
- Post Cold War
- Somalia’s Civil war- from 1991 until the present. US and UN sent troops. Many casualties. They withdrew in 1994. |
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Term
Rwanda
Origins/historical context: State Gov't Conditions pt.1 |
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Definition
- Hutu have been in power since independence.
- Hutu party had won the elections
- Government carried out a campaign against Tutsis. Tutsis have been favored by the Belgians because they looked more European than Hutus. |
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Term
Rwanda
Origins/historical context: State Gov't Conditions pt.2 |
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Definition
- In 1973 General Juvenal Habyarimana ( a Hutu) led a coup and became a dictator.
- 1990 Rwanda Patriotic Front (Tutsis) based in Uganda invaded Rwandan (on the north) and attacked the Hutu government and army. It was the beginning of a civil war. Rwigyema was killed in the second day of the war. Kagame became leader.
- Zaire (former name of Congo) and France had troops fighting with Rwandan army vs. RPF.
- War reached a stalemate. |
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Term
Rwanda
Origins/historical context: State Gov't Conditions pt.3 |
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Definition
In August 1993, Tutsi rebels and Hutu government signed a peace treaty. The Treaty called for a Transitional Government composed of Hutus and Tutsis until the proper elections could be held. Extremist Hutus and Tutsi rebels opposed the treaty.
- UN troops were present to assist in demilitarization and demobilization.
- President Habyarimana was killed in April 6, 1994.
- Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana was killed on April 7, 1994.
- Provisional government led by Colonel Theoneste Bagasora |
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Term
Rwanda
Origins/historical context: Society pt.1 |
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Definition
• Ethnic differences were more important than social classes.
1. Hutus: the majority of the population. They have traditionally been cultivators. They are shorter, heavier/stronger, have darker skin and broader features than Tutsis.
2. Tutsis: the minority of the population. They have traditionally been in charge of cattle. They are tall, thin, light skin and have narrow features. |
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Term
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Definition
• The Hutus: majority of inhabitants in Rwanda.They had come to power since 1962. They carried out a genocide against the Tutsi population in 1994.
• The Tutsis: the minority of the inhabitants of Rwanda. The Belgians thought that the Tutsis were more capable because they look more European than the Hutus. For many years, the Europeans only allowed Tutsis to have access to higher education and positions of power.
• Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF)-leaders Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame. |
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Term
Rwanda
Goals/ideology: Hutu |
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Definition
• Hutu Power ideology was based on Hutu Ten Commandments.
1. Hutu supremacy in Rwanda, exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda’s institution and public life, complete segregation of Hutus and Tutsis and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life. Hutus are superior and should have no mercy with Tutsis. Tutsis are enemies. |
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Term
Rwanda
Goals/ideology: Tutsis |
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Definition
| • Tutsis are superior than Hutus. Tutsis came from north and used the superior military and political abilities to conquer the Hutus. This history drew a theory that argued that a superior Caucasoid race from the Northeastern was responsible for all signs of true civilization in Africa. This idea was taught in schools until 1961. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence: April 6,1994 |
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Definition
- President Juvenal Habyarimana’s airplane was shot. Recent investigation has indicated that shot came from the Rwandan army.
- It was the catalyst of the genocide.
- Rwandan Armed Forces and Colonel Theoneste Bagasora clashed with UN Force Commander Gen. Romeo Dellaire when he pointed out that Prime Minister Agathe Uwilinggiyimana was the legal authority of the country. Rwanda Army and Bagasora disputed her authority. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence: April 7, 1994 |
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Definition
- Hutus from the Rwandan Army killed the Prime Minister.
- They also tortured, killed and dismembered 10 Belgian UN soldiers. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence pt.3 |
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Definition
• Members of the Rwandan Army killed moderate Hutu officials and politicians who favored the peace treaty.
• Rwandan Defence Forces (army), Hutu rebel groups such as Army for the Liberation of Rwanda and Hutu militia groups known as interahawe set out to systematically kill all Tutsis and moderate Hutus they could find. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence pt.4 |
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Definition
• Extremist Hutus used the radio to incite Hutus to participate in the killings or be shot in turn.
• Most foreigners fled from Rwanda during the first days of the genocide. .
• Rwanda Army and militia put up roadblocks around the country. ID cards helped to identify Tutsis.
• Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or in towns, often by their neighbors and fellow villagers. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence pt.5 |
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Definition
• The militia typically killed with machetes although some used rifles.
• Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and schools and killed them.
• Hutus also raped and mutilated women. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence: July 4, 1994 |
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Definition
• RPF launched an offensive and took the capital Kigali.
• Mass exodus of Hutus to Zaire (now Congo), Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. |
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Term
Rwanda
Evolution of Violence: July 17, 1994 |
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Definition
| • RPF defeated the last Hutu stronghold and declared victory. |
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Term
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Definition
• The genocide lasted around 100 days (April 7-July 15, 1994)
- Gourevitch: around 1 million victims. |
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Term
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Definition
• In July 19, 1994 RPF organized a coalition government.
• President: Pasteur Bizimungu, a moderate Hutu.
• Vice President, Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of the Rwanda patriotic Army: Paul Kagame, Tutsi leader. |
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Term
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Definition
• New government prohibits discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race and religion.
• Approved laws prohibiting emphasis on Hutu or Tutsi identity in most type of political activities.
• ID cards based on ethnicity were eliminated. |
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Term
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Definition
• President Pasteur Bizimungu resigned after clashes with RPF. Kagame became President.
• Political organizing was banned until the 2003 elections.
• Kagame won the 2003 elections. Elections were not free, fair or honest.
• Kagame has stayed in power until the present and behaves like an authoritarian leader. |
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Term
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Definition
• In 1999, the government created the Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
• The mandate of this commission is to use all available means to mobilize Rwandans to reconcile and unite.
• Tools: Reflection and finding solutions to challenges, reconciliation summits, leadership academy and inter community exchanges and consultations. |
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Term
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Definition
• The government also created a National Human Rights Commissions.
• 15,000 Hutu soldiers were reintegrated in the Army.
• Applying justice to victims have resulted in revenge killings and a huge backlog of suspects contributing to overcrowded prisons. |
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Term
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Definition
• Refugee Camps
- Many Hutus in refugee camps died of diseases.
- Tutsies have attacked and killed Hutus in camps. |
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Term
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Definition
• In 1996 The United Nations created an International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It operated in Tanzania. It is closing by the end of 2014.
• Up to December 2012,
- 93 persons indicted for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
- 83 have been arrested with 75 of them prosecuted, 65 of those tried were found guilty and convicted, while 10 of the accused have been acquitted. |
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Term
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Definition
• National Courts
- In 1996, the Rwandan government started their own trials.
- As of mid 2006, 10,000 people have been tried.
- Problems: inadequate resources, inefficiency, corruption . 1998 public execution of 22 people.
- National justice is equal to revenge.
- 2007 Death penalty was abolished. Then, International Court of Justice cases on genocide could be transferred to national courts. |
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Term
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Definition
• Gacaca Trials
- Communities at the local level elected judges to hear trials of genocide suspects accused of all crimes except planning of genocide. The courts gave lower sentences if the person was repentant and sought reconciliation with community.
- More than 12,000 community based courts tried more than 1.2 million cases through out the country.
- Gacaca trials served to promote reconciliation by providing a means for victims to learn the truth about the death of their family members and relatives.
- They also gave perpetrators an opportunity to confess their crimes, show remorse and ask forgiveness in front of their community. |
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Term
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Definition
• Kagame has helped Tutsis fighting vs. Hutus in Congo.
• Hutus in exile in Congo organized a guerrilla organization to attack Rwanda.
• Tension between Hutus and Tutsis continue in Rwanda.
• Kagame uses repression vs. opposition.
• Kagame constantly makes references to the Genocide. He justifies his authoritarian policies to prevent a future genocide.
• No RPF crimes (Pre 1994 and post 1994) are investigated.
• Victor’s justice. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Origins/ Historical: International Conditions |
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Definition
- Cold War
- The United States (US) was a strong ally of Iran under the Shah.
- The US saw Iran as the guardian of the Persian Gulf.
- During the administration of President Jimmy Carter, the US put pressure on the Shah to allow for a modest political opening. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Origins/ Historical: State & Gov't Conditions |
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Definition
- The Shah was an authoritarian leader. He paid limited attention to the Constitution.
- No civil society. No labor unions and professional association.
- No independent political parties
- Shah used repressive forces to maintain order and stability. Example: Armed Forces and SAVAK, the secret police.
- The Shah envisioned that Iran would become a military superpower. He invested in military weapons. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Origins/ Historical: Social & Economic Conditions pt.1 |
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Definition
- From 1950’s until 1979, Iran experienced social and economic changes.
- Economic growth thanks to oil revenues
- The Shah spent billions of dollars on economic and social projects. Education and health were important priorities.
- Increase of number of students enrolled in elementary and secondary schools and universities.
- Literacy rates increased. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Origins/ Historical: Social & Economic Conditions pt.2 |
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Definition
- Women were empowered by access to education.
- Increase in industrialization. Iran produces iron, cement, steel, cars, coal, sugar and textiles.
- Expansion of education and industrialization contributed to the growth of the middle class and working class. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Origins/ Historical: Social & Economic Conditions pt.3 |
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Definition
- 1963 White revolution –Reforms directed to get support for the Shah
▫ Literacy
▫ Voting rights to women
▫ Non Muslims could hold office
▫ Land Reform. Shah’s government bought land from landowners and gave it to peasants. The government financed the formation of farm cooperatives. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Origins/ Historical: Social & Economic Conditions pt.4 |
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Definition
- Religious leaders were critical of these social and economic changes. Iran was becoming a Western society and traditional values were weakening. One of these leaders was Ayatollah Khomeini who openly criticized the Shah in 1963.
- The Shah modernized the social and economic structures but failed to make political changes to forge links between the new classes and the government. He narrowed his political base. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Goal/Ideology: The Shah |
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Definition
• Modernize Iran
• Secularization
• Recognition of Israel
• Alliance with the Western world
• Authoritarianism |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Goal/Ideology: Ayatollah Khomeini’s |
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Definition
• Khomeini’s views on governance have evolved:
- Rule by monarchs was permissible so long as sharia law was followed. Sharia law is the moral code and religious law of Islam.
- Opposition to monarchy, only rule by a leading Islamist jurist (marja) would insure Sharia was properly followed.
- Ruling jurist need not to be a leading one and Sharia rule could be overruled by that jurist if necessary to serve the interests of Islam and the divine government of the Islamic state.
- Muslims must support a government based on Islamic law.
- He saw himself as the champion of Islamic revival and unity.
- Emphasis on the fight against Israel and US
- Downplayed Shia issues that would divide Shia and Sunni.
- Opposition to close relations with Eastern or Western bloc countries. Islam world should have a bloc.
- Western culture is decadent and is a negative influence on the youth. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution 1975 |
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Definition
- The Shah created the Resurgence party.
- Citizens were given the choice of joining the party or leaving the country.
- The aim of the party was two fold:
▫ to tighten the control over the intelligentsia and workers
▫ and to extend power into the bazaars and the religious establishment. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt.2 |
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Definition
• The Resurgence party opened branches in the bazaars, dissolved the traditional guilds and created new ones under the supervision of state bureaucrats.
• It also set up a Chamber of Guilds in the large towns and gave the presidency to wealthy businessmen (usually supporting the Shah). |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 3 |
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Definition
• The Shah vs. Bazaars during the inflation of 1975-77.
- Unable to control the inflation, the government blamed the bazaars and declared war vs. them. Price inspections. Resurgence party scrutinized accounts, arrested businessmen men, fined or forced them into exile. The Bazaar owners saw the Shah as their enemy. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 4 |
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Definition
• The Shah vs. religious establishment
- The Resurgence party declared the Shah not only as political leader but also as the spiritual leader of the community.
- Muslim calendar was replaced with a new royalist calendar.
- Parliament raised the age of marriage for girls from 15 to
- 18 and for boys from 18 to 20. It did it disregarding the religious laws. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 5 |
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Definition
• The Justice Minister instructed judges to be more firm in their enforcement of the 1967 Family law, which restricts polygamy and men’s right to obtain easy divorces.
• The Education Minister ordered universities not to register women who insisted in wearing the chador (long veil)
• Government created Religious Corps to teach peasants about the true Islam. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 6 |
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Definition
• The Shah alienated the intelligentsia, working class, middle class-owners of bazaars and the religious leaders.
- Two guerrilla movements emerged in the 1970’s:
- Fedayeen-e Khalq ( Self sacrificers of the People) Marxist oriented-secular
- Mujahideen-e Khalq (Fighters of the People)-Islamic left wing |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 7 |
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Definition
• In 1977 Jimmy Carter, Amnesty International and International Commission of Jurists putt pressure on Shah for human rights abuses. The Shah comlied because he wanted weapons from the US.
• The Shah allowed for a modest and short liberalization.
• International pressure helped the opposition. People’s perception that the US was not totally supporting the Shah. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 8 |
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Definition
| • In January 1978, the regime went to attack the religious leaders. A newspaper published a fabricated letter attacking Ayatollah Khomeini. In this way, K. became the designated enemy of the Shah. Response-riots in Qum. Cycle of protest began. People got killed. Forty days later gathering. More protests, more killed , more gatherings forty days later. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 9 |
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Definition
• Shah vs. Khomeini
- Pro Shah- supported by rich, the US, the banks, SAVAK secret police, high ranking state administrators and military leaders.
- Pro Khomeini-supported by the proletariat, middle class, intelligentsia. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 10 |
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Definition
• Why did the religious leaders were able to mobilize other sectors?
- Church was very powerful in spite of modernization. Church attendance did not increase.
- Middle class joined K. and the religious leaders. Recognized the inability to generate popular support through letters, manifestoes, poetry readings. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 11 |
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Definition
• Khomeini, in exile, sent writings, tapes with sermons and speeches. BBC helped K, he announced a general strike. Iranians will listen and obey.
• Religious Processions mobilized peasants. 2 million people peacefully protesting vs. Shah.
• Religious sector portrayed itself as the most imp. anti Shah force. K. concentrated in the anti Shah campaign and did not talk much about his goals. He wanted to create a broad coalition of different groups. Single goal-get rid of the Shah. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 12 |
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Definition
| • Religious leaders’ policies disarmed the Military-K. called his followers to sacrifice themselves when confronted by military,. Troops refused to fire or even when joining the protestors, it meant the deterioration of the power of the Shah. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 13 |
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Definition
• Conditions that helped the revolution.
- Numerous groups shared an intense animosity vs. Shah. Unity.
- Increase in mass discontent which arose from inequality, regime attacks on religious authority and the bazaar. Inflation and unemployment. Intensification coincided with relaxation of repression under the pressure of the US. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 14 |
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Definition
• Late 1970’s. Oil production was falling to 40 % of domestic requirement.
- Economic stagnation
- Unemployment increased.
- Protests and mobilizations. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 15 |
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Definition
• In December 1978, Shah persuaded Shapour Bakhtiyar ,a leader of the middle classes, to become Prime Minister.
• In January 13, the Ayatollah declared a revolutionary Islamic council to replace what he called the "illegal government" of Iran. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 16 |
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Definition
• On January 16, 1979, the Shah left Iran for Egypt but expecting to return.
• Official version was that Shah and wife left for vacation and medical treatment.
• In fact, the Prime Minister Bakhtiyar asked him leave the country. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Evolution of the Revolution pt. 17 |
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Definition
• Prime Minister Bakhtiyar reopened the airport and allowed Khomeini to return.
• Khomeini returned and appointed a provisional govt. in opposition to Shapour Bakhtiyar ’s govt.
• Within weeks officers from all branches of Armed Forces gave support to Khomeini.
• Pro Shah forces fought vs. those officers that went to support the revolutionaries.
• Khomeini returning to Iran
• Feb. 11, 1979 Revolutionaries defeated pro Shah forces. Revolutionaries seized the TV station, prisons, police stations.
• Prime Minister Bakhtiyar left.
• Victory of the revolution. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Aftermath pt.1 |
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Definition
• Anti Shah groups differed on how Iran’s new government should be structured and what policies it should pursue.
• Khomeini and fundamentalists wanted an Islamic republic led by clerics.
• Others wanted secular parliamentary democracy, an Islamic egalitarian state, or a secular socialist government. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Aftermath pt. 2 |
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Definition
• New government
- Pro K. groups created a huge volunteer armed force: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard (IRG).
- Purge of the bureaucracy. Hundreds of pro Shah forces were arrested and tried by clerical revolutionary courts.
- Dual power- A provisional government technically ruled the country. Real power was in the hands of Khomeini. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Aftermath pt. 3 |
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Definition
• Khomeini chose a group of clergy and laymen to oversee government policy-Islamic Rev. Council.
• April 1979 Referendum to establish an Islamic Republic. 98% approval.
• August 1979 Election of Assembly of Experts who will draft the new const.
• Khomeini created his own party-Islamic Republic party. All candidates of the assembly regardless of party were approved by Khomeini. His party won majority of seats. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Aftermath pt. 4 |
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Definition
• New Const. 1979. An elected parliament composed of clergy and laymen who were approved as good Muslims before running. A popularly elected President. A supreme court, the Council of Guardians –composed of clergy and laymen.
• The Council of the Guardians was given the authority to approve candidates for parliament and to rule whether any act of government or law passed by parliament violated either the constitution or Islamic law. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Aftermath pt. 5 |
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Definition
• In the Islamic republic, the will of God is expressed through the rule of the Islamic jurist.
• He gives advice to the parliament and the President and has the power to overrule the government.
• The first jurist was the Ayatollah Khomeini. His successors were selected by the Assembly of Experts. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Targets: For the Shah |
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Definition
Opposition to his government
▫ Middle class/some bazaar owners
▫ Members of the religious establishment
▫ Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers. The Shah ordered the arrest of Khomeini in 1963 and forced him into exile in Iraq and France. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
Targets: For Ayatollah Khomenini |
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Definition
- The Shah, his government and followers.
- Representatives of the West, especially the US, and Israel. |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
International/ Domestic Resources: The Shah |
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Definition
-The United States
- Armed Forces and SAVAK
- Military weapons
- Infrastructure
- Media
- Upper Classes |
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Term
The Iranian Revolution
International/ Domestic Resources: Ayatollah Khomenini |
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Definition
-International Press
- Mosques
- Bazaars/Owners of bazaars
- Intellectuals
- Clerics
- Cassettes/letters/pictures |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Origins/Historical Context: International Conditions |
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Definition
- 1904 Russia sought to expand its territory to the Far East. Japan and Russia disputed over Manchuria. Japan responded. Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
1. Japan defeated Russia
- World War I Russia declares war on Austria Hungary.
- Tsar Nicholas II participates in the war |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Origins/Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions pt.1 |
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Definition
- Russia had been ruled by tyrannical Tsars (Russian Monarchs.)
- Tsar Nicholas II was the last Russian monarch.
- Tsar believed that he was the absolute ruler anointed by God.
- No political party system to check the Tsar’s power
- A strong secret police to repress opposition
- Tsar had expansionists policies |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Origins/Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions 1905 Bloody Sunday |
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Definition
1. Soldiers of the Imperial Guard fired upon unarmed demonstrators in St. Petersburg, Russia. It provoked public outrage and massive strikes in the industrial centers of Russia.
2. It marked the beginning of the 1905 Revolution. |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Origins/Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions 1905 Revolution |
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Definition
1. Mobilization of workers in St. Petersburg and Moscow. They organized their own revolutionary organizations or soviets (assemblies or councils). Strikes.
2. Poor peasants also mobilized. Hunger and no land ownership.
3. Mutinies of Armed Forces
4. Student’s demonstrations |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Origins/Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions 1905 Revolution Resulta |
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Definition
1. Tsar accepted some of the demands of opposition:
a) Accepted the principle of the constitution
b) Creation of national elected parliament-Duma
c) Legalization of trade unions and political parties. |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Evolution of Revolution: October 1917 |
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Definition
- Soviets uprising
- Workers, soldiers and sailors demanded that Soviets and Bolshevik party come to power.
- Soviets and members of the Bolshevik party occupied government offices, took over railway stations, telegraph offices, and set road blocks. |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Evolution of Revolution:Two Revolutionary Processes |
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Definition
- The Bolshevik party took power. It was mainly composed of professional revolutionaries who believed in carrying out radical socioeconomic changes in Russia.
- The second revolutionary process was the rebellion of the peasants. |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Evolution of Revolution: 1918 War Communism |
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Definition
-Forced food requisitioning and creation of food army.
- Violence from below: riots, strikes and rebellions by peasants.
- Violence from above: Cheka and food army |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Evolution of Revolution: 1921 Economic Policy |
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Definition
| - Set of economic reforms to allow for some capitalist activities. |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Evolution of Revolution: Joseph Stalin/ t Great Terror 1934-1939 |
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Definition
Took control of the government after Lenin died.
He wanted to industrialized USSR based on agricultural exports
- Some of his first policies were Five Year Plans and Collective farms |
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Term
The Russian Revolution
Evolution of Revolution: |
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Definition
- Campaign to eliminate his enemies within the Communist party and society in general.
▫ Purges
▫ Show Trials
▫ Executions 2/3 of the 1934 Central Committee of the Communist Party were executed.
▫ Concentration camps |
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