Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Popular Conditions: Middle Class |
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Definition
| This social class was threatened by the political violence and were willing to lose political freedoms for a short period of time. For them, the military institution was the only institution able to deal with political instability and restore economic confidence. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Goals/ideology: National Security |
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Definition
| - Armed Forces have to protect the state from external and internal threats. External threats do not only refer to countries but ideas contrary to Western civilization that can infiltrate and threaten societies. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Resources/ International: Operation Condor |
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Definition
| A campaign of political repression implemented by Latin American dictatorships in 1975. Latin American Armed Forces collaborated regarding counterintelligence and repression. Key participants: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia. The US participated in a supervisory capacity. Ecuador and Peru joined later in peripheral roles. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: First Phase (1) |
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Definition
- First 5-6 years of state violence- very high levels of repression
- Goal: Eliminate opposition, create fear, and achieve political stability. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: First Phase (2) |
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Definition
- Levels of repression varied according to case.
a) Ex. Argentina and Chile: more disappearances and murders.
b) Uruguay: more prisoners per capita, long term imprisonment and ABC system. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (1) |
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Definition
- Levels of repression changed.
- Due to international and domestic pressures, some military dictatorships allowed for some degrees of political participation for the opposition. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (Brazil) |
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Definition
- 1974- Free Congressional elections
- 1982-Brazilians elected all state governors, federal deputies, a third of federal senators, all mayors, state representatives and local council members. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (Argentina) |
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Definition
- Military did not allow any electoral participation.
- No political mobilizations. Exception: Mothers of Plaza de Mayo.
- Economic problems led the Argentine military dictatorship to seek legitimacy without electoral events. Appeal to nationalism to get support.
- It claimed the Malvinas/Falkland Islands as Argentine.
- War between Argentina and Great Britain- 1982
- Argentina lost
- Argentine Armed Forces returned to the barracks in 1982. 1983 Elections. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (Chile) |
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Definition
- 1978 A plebiscite for legitimization. Appearance of support for Pinochet.
- 1980-Citizens approved Constitution that confirmed Pinochet’s hold on his office until 1990. It called for a plebiscite in 1988 in which the people will decide if the nominee selected by the military junta, Pinochet, will rule as an elected president for 8 more years.
- 1988 Plebiscite: Chileans decided if the nominee selected by the military junta, Pinochet, would rule as an elected president for 8 more years. Majority of citizens voted no-rejected Pinochet.
- It opened the way to the holding of elections in 1989. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (Uruguay) |
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Definition
- 1980 Plebiscite: Uruguayans voted in favor or against the Constitution proposed by the Armed Forces (a new civilian regime will be supervised by the Armed Forces) . The majority of citizens rejected this constitution.
- After the 1980 plebiscite, the Armed Forces negotiated the transition to democratic rule with civilians politicians.
- The end of the dictatorship was a result of a pact between political elites and the Armed Forces. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Outcomes: Economic success (Brazil) |
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Definition
- 1968-74 Growth rates averaged 10%
- Exports quadrupled
- Manufactured goods replaced coffee as the country's leading export products.
- By the end of 1970's , the Brazilian miracle faced economic problems. |
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Term
Latin American Dictatorships
Outcomes: Economic success (Chile) |
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Definition
- Relative price stability
- Booming exports
- Increase of foreign investment
- Impressive foreign debt reduction
- Successful privatization of former public companies.
- Surplus in foreign accounts. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Origins/ Historical Context: International Conditions |
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Definition
| - World War I- Germany Defeated. Treaty of Versailles. Germany lost territories and had to pay war reparations. 1929 Great Depression. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Origins/ Historical Context: State/Gov't Conditions |
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Definition
- Weak Democratic regime-Weimar Republic (1919-33) . Parliament with a Chancellor and a President. Social Democrats were elected in 1919.
- Weimar Republic faced challenges: economic problems, social mobilization and political polarization.
- 1933-Nazi party won elections. Hitler was appointed Chancellor. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Origins/ Historical Context: Society |
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Definition
| - Rise of popular mobilization in response to economic decline. Strikes and protests. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Origins/ Historical Context: Politics/ Institutions |
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Definition
- Political polarization. Political elites were increasingly joining two poles. Left (Communists) and Right (Nazis) began to grow. Center shrank.
- 1933 Elections: Nazi party won. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Origins/ Historical Context: Elites |
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Definition
| - Upper classes (mainly from the industrial, agriculture) supported the Nazi party. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Origins/ Historical Context: Popular conditions |
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Definition
- Middle class was divided. Some favored the Nazi party. Others continued to support the Social Democrats.
- Masses (lower classes ex. factory workers, unemployed, and peasants) were divided. Important sectors of the lower classes (especially the peasants) supported the Nazi party. |
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Term
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Definition
- German state under the leadership of Adolf Hitler
- Daniel J. Goldhagen: Ordinary Germans |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Resources: International |
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Definition
- Italy under Benito Mussolini
- Pro-Nazi Germans in other countries
- Europeans who collaborated with Nazi Germans
- Methods: funding, military equipment, political support. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase (1) |
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Definition
| Psychological and physical violence. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase (2) |
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Definition
| - Verbal and physical assaults against German Jews took place as soon as Hitler came to power. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase - Civil Service Law (1933) |
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Definition
| Jews are eliminated from governmental agencies, and state positions in the economy, law and cultural life. Jews were barred from universities. Restrictions were imposed on Jewish physicians and lawyers. Nazis organized boycott of shops and other businesses owned by Jews. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase - 1933 |
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Definition
- Creation of ghettoes. Resettlements.
- Massive migration of German Jews. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase - Nuremberg Laws (1935) |
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Definition
| Defined who was a Jew and who was subjected to the laws regulating Jews. Criteria-blood and not religious identity. These laws stripped Jews of citizenship and proscribed new marriages and extra-marital sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase - 1938 |
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Definition
| Jewish Germans had to turn in passports to get them stamped with a black J. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: First Phase - 1939 |
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Definition
| After invading Poland, Germans created ghettos, built concentration camps and exterminated Polish Jews. Jewish Poles are required to wear in public an identifying mark (ex. a yellow Star of David badge) |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (1) |
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Definition
| Genocide. Massive extermination of people. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase - Genocide |
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Definition
| - 1941 After Germany declared war vs. Soviet Union-Implementation of the genocide. The final solution: extermination. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase (3) |
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Definition
- Permanent gassing installations
- Expansion of work and concentration camps, execution squads and recruitment of Eastern European personnel to implement violence. Reason: Need to preserve the psychological equilibrium of German troops.
- Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states had to mark houses and apartments at the front door. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Evolution of Violence: Second Phase - 1944 to 1945 |
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Definition
- Death Marches.
- As a result of response of the Soviet Union, Germans vacated areas and sent non-Jews and Jews on forced marches under brutal conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
- Hitler sought to expand the German territory through military invasions.
- He succeeded in annexing Austria 1938 and part of Czechoslovakia 1939. No big military response from these countries. In 1939 Germany invaded Poland.
- British and French declared war against Germany. From 1939 until 1945, Germany and the rest of the world were at war.
- 1945-Allies march into Germany, occupied the entire country.
- Taking into account all of the victims of Nazi persecution, they systematically killed an estimated six million Jews and mass murdered an additional eleven million people during the war.
- The broadest definition, including Soviet civilian deaths would produce a death toll of 17 million. |
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Term
Nazi Germany
Outcomes: Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946) |
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Definition
| were military tribunals, held by the Allied Forces, for the prosecution of prominent members of Nazi Germany. In the first of these trials, known as the Trial of Major War Criminals, 24 captured leaders of Nazi Germany were tried. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Introduction |
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Definition
- FMLN was the coalition of several guerrilla organizations. It was formed in 1980.
- FMLN carried out armed struggle vs. the Salvadoran government until 1990. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Origins/ Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions |
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Definition
| - The military intervened in politics to protect the interest of the economic and political elites. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Agents/ Actors: Creator |
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Definition
| - The FMLN was named after the rebel leader Farabundo Martí who led workers and peasants in an uprising to transform Salvadoran society. In retaliation, the military government launched a counterinsurgency campaign known as La Matanza (The Massacre.) Martí was killed along with 30,000 people. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Goals/ ideology: 1980 Platform |
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Definition
- National Sovereignty and Independence
- Peace, liberty, well being and progress to citizens. Political, social and economic reforms.
- Foreign policy of peace and non-alignment.
- Democratic representation of all sectors that contribute to the overthrow of the military dictatorship.
- New all inclusive army
- Support all businessman who support revolutionary government. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Resources: International |
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Definition
- Cuba
- Nicaragua
- Mexico
- Social Democratic and revolutionary groups in the Latin America, the US and Europe
- France, Germany, Sweden, Austria and Canada
- Eastern Europe
- Soviet Union
- Funds
- Training
- Political support
- Weapons (from Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, Cuba and Vietnam) |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Resources: Domestic |
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Definition
- Social organizations
- Left wing of Catholic Church
- Peasants
- Workers
- Weapons
- Camps
- Media (Ex. Radio Venceremos)
- Controlled territories |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Evolution of Violence 1980 |
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Definition
| 1980 The FMLN declared war against the government. It wanted to overthrow the government and implement changes in El Salvador. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Evolution of Violence 1981 |
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Definition
| January 10, 1981. First major military offensive. It established operational control over large sections of the countryside which were Morazán and Chalatenango, which remained under guerrilla control throughout the rest of the civil war. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Evolution of Violence 1984-1989 |
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Definition
- 1984-1989 FMLN will have formal and informal talks and exchanged peace proposals with members of the government of José Napoleón Duarte (Christian Democrat). Duarte was the first civilian president elected since 1944.
o FMLN met and held talks with government while continuing with the military offensives. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Evolution of Violence 1989 |
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Definition
| 1989 Second final offensive. This time the FMLN was increasing the levels of violence against a new right wing government led by Alfredo Cristiani. Cristiani won the elections in 1989. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Evolution of Violence (5) |
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Definition
- FMLN failed in creating a popular insurrection.
- Strong response form the military
- Stalemate |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Evolution of Violence: Reasons for negotiation |
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Definition
- Fall of the Berlin Wall and Collapse of the USSR
- Electoral defeat of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua
- The US was not willing to support the war.
- 1990-92 negotiations between the FMLN and the Salvadoran government. They were mediated by the United Nations. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Outcome: 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords |
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Definition
- Ceasefire
- FMLN becomes a political party
- Demobilization
- Reforms (military, social, political and economic)
- Truth Commission to investigate and report on human rights violations during the civil war in El Salvador (1980-92) |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: FMLN
Outcome: 1993 Truth Commission's Report |
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Definition
- Both the Military and the FMLN were responsible for human rights violations. - The military committed most of the human rights violations.
- Five days after the publication of the report, the Congress of El Salvador approved an amnesty law covering all violent events of the war. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Origins/Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions |
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Definition
- 1968-78: Authoritarian military regime. The military intervened in politics to bring political and economic stability, and to carry out reforms.
- Reforms implemented by the military:
a) Sweeping land reform
b) Creation of Organizations linked to the government
c) Law granting workers participation (as owners and managers) in industrial firms.
d) Expropriation of foreign companies |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Agent/Actors: The Communist Party of Peru or The Shining Path |
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Definition
- The common name of this group, Shining Path, distinguishes itself from several other Peruvian communist parties with similar names.
- The name is derived from a maxim of José Carlos Mariátegui , founder of the original Peruvian Communist Party in the 1920s: "El Marxismo-Leninismo abrirá el sendero luminoso hacia la revolución" (“Marxism Leninism will open the shining path to revolution.”)
- The Shining Path was founded in the late 1960’s by Abimael Guzmán, a former university professor (known as Presidente Gonzalo or the Fourth Sword of Marxism-the first three being Marx, Lenin and Mao ). |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Goal/Ideology |
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Definition
Guzmán claimed that his ideology was the fourth sword of Marxism.
- In practice it was overwhelming Maoist.
- Guzman used Mao’s analysis of Chinese society and political economy and applied it to Peru.
- According to Guzmán, Peru had a semi feudal and semi colonial society and a delayed capitalism subjected to Yankee imperialism.
- The goal was to create a Communist society and state. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Resources: International |
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Definition
- Significant difference between FMLN & Shinning Path
- China until Mao Zedong’s death in 1976.
- Groups from Great Britain, France, Sweden, Germany, Belgium and Spain. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Tactics |
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Definition
- Difference between FMLN and Shining Path
- Human bonfires
- Popular Trials |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Evolution of Violence (1980) |
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Definition
- Shining Path held a series of meetings in Ayacucho. It formed a Revolutionary Directorate (political and military) and ordered militias to go to the countryside to start armed struggle. They formed a Military School to train members.
- Abimael Guzmán emerged as leader.
- When the military government allowed for elections, the Shining Path refused to participate. It chose to begin a guerrilla war in the highlands of Ayacucho.
- First act of war: burning ballot boxes.
- the Shining Path grew in terms of controlled more territory and number of members. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Evolution of Violence (1983) |
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Definition
- Peasant massacres. It attacked “ronderos” (self-defense militias or citizens armed by the government to protect themselves from Shining Path)
- Establishment of labor camps for the traitors.
- Bombings and killings moved from the countryside to Lima (capital city). |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Evolution of Violence: President Alberto Fujimoris Government (1991) |
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Definition
- Shining Path controlled the countryside of the center and south of Peru and had an important presence in the outskirts of Lima. Cult of personality for Guzman grew.
- Issued a law to gave “rondas” or self defense groups a legal status and were officially called Committee of Self Defense. They were armed and trained by the military.
- Military personnel were dispatched to areas dominated by the Shining Path to fight the rebels.
- They used excessive force, abused and killed civilians, and destroyed villages. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Evolution of Violence (1992) |
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Definition
- Sept. 1992 Abimael Guzmán was captured and imprisoned. Leadership vacuum.
- After the capture of Guzmán, the Shining Path’s violence decreased.
- Oscar Ramírez or “Comrade Feliciano” replaced Guzmán as leader. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Evolution of Violence (1993) |
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Definition
- Guzmán from prison called for a peace deal with the government. Fujimori’s government rejected it. As a result, Shining Path’s remaining members were divided into two factions:
a) one that insisted in fighting
b) another one that wanted to put arms down. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Outcomes (1) |
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Definition
| - Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established in 2001. Goal: to examine abuses committed during the 1980’s and 1990’s. |
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Term
Guerrilla Organizations: The Shining Path
Outcomes (2) |
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Definition
| - 2003 Report found that 69,280 people were killed or disappeared between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict. The Shining path was responsible for about 54% of the deaths and disappearances reported to the Commission. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Introduction |
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Definition
- The Taliban emerged as an rebel group in 1994.
- This group fought for the restoration of the traditional values of Islam.
- It came to power in 1996 and declared the Islamic State of Afghanistan.
- It was defeated by the US and allies in 2001. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Origins/ Historical Context: International |
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Definition
- The Soviet Union and Afghan rebels (Mujaheedin) were engaged in a war from 1979 until 1989.
- The US, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia sent military and financial aid to Afghan rebels. Rebels drove Soviets out in 1989. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Origins/Historical Context: State Gov't Conditions |
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Definition
- 1989-92 Central government came to power.
- Afghan rebels were divided. Rebel factions struggled with each other over control of central government.
- 1992 Rebels overthrew Soviet backed government.
- 1992-96 new Central government came to power. Struggle between factions continues. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Origins/Historical Context: Politics/Institution |
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Definition
- Ethnic differences were more important than social classes.
a) Sunni Muslims Pashtun-dominant group in Afghanistan (90%). Taliban members were Sunni Muslims Pashtun.
b) Shiites Muslims- were seen as heretics by the Taliban. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Agent/Actors: Taliban Definition |
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Definition
| - group of seminary school students. The original members of the Taliban came from religious schools. Many of these students were former members of the war against the Soviet invasion. They returned to school and were opposed to the central government. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Goal/Ideology |
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Definition
- The cause is the departure from the straight path of Islam.
- The solution was a return to Islam in public and private life. The restoration of Islamic law. An extremist interpretation of Islam. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Resources: International |
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Definition
- Us and Saudi Arabia supported Taliban as a rebel group.
- Pakistan and Al Qaeda supported Taliban in power. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (1) |
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Definition
| Taliban, a militia group led by -- - Mullah Omar, emerged as a response against abuse of a local governor. The governor had abducted and raped two girls. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (2) |
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Definition
| - The Taliban also received the support of Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda. Taliban allowed Al Qaeda to have camps in their territory. Bin Laden financed the Taliban. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (3) |
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Definition
| - Ahmad Shah Massoud (former Minister of Defense of the previous government), along with others, created the United Front Northern Alliance (controlled 30% of the territory) and fought vs. Taliban. The Alliance was composed of Shiites, Tajiks y and Uzbeks. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (4) |
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Definition
| - Implementation of a very strict interpretation of Islamic law. A Taliban list of prohibitions included: pork, pig, pig oil, anything made from human hair, satellite dishes, cinematography, and equipment that produces the joy of music, pool tables, chess, masks, alcohol, tapes, computers, VCRs, television, anything that propagates sex and is full of music, wine, lobster, nail polish, firecrackers, statues, sewing catalogs, pictures, and Christmas cards. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (5) |
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Definition
| - They also got rid of employment, education, and sports for all women. Women could not leave their house without a male relative. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (6) |
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Definition
| - They forbade dancing, clapping during sports events, kite flying, and characterizations of living things, no matter if they were drawings, paintings, photographs, stuffed animals, or dolls. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (7) |
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Definition
| - Men were had to have a fist size beard at the bottom of their chin. Conversely, they had to wear their head hair short and use a head covering. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Evolution of Violence (8) |
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Definition
| - After the Taliban refused to comply, the US attacked Taliban military sites and helped the Northern Alliance. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Outcomes |
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Definition
- Mullah Omar has continued to elude capture.
- Al Qaeda and the Taliban had been able to regroup as the US shifted military efforts to fighting the war in Iraq. |
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Term
Religious Nationalist Groups: The Taliban
Outcomes (2005,2006) |
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Definition
- In 2005 and 2006, the Taliban continued its resurgence.
- In 2006, Taliban militants infiltrated in southern Afghanistan, terrorizing villagers and attacking US troops. US and NATO responded with a large attack.
- In September 2006, Pakistan’s president Pervez Musharraf signed a controversial peace agreement with some groups who call themselves Pakistan Taliban. Pakistan agreed to withdraw from a specific area and allow the Taliban to govern themselves as long as they promise no incursions into Afghanistan or against Pakistani troops |
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