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| middle childhood (school-age) stage |
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| cephalocaudal development |
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| Head-to-tail (head-to-toe) development: Control over the head/mouth/eyes precedes control over the upper body/torso/legs |
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| proximodistal development |
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| Midline-to-peripheral development: Progresses from the center of the body to the extremities (i.e. arm movement before fine motor finger ability). |
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| mass-to-specific development |
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| Development in which a child masters simple operations before complex ones |
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Erikson's psychosocial development:
Infancy (birth to 1 year) |
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Erikson's psychosocial development:
Toddler stage (1-3 years) |
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Erikson's psychosocial development:
Preschool stage (3-6 years) |
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Erikson's psychosocial development:
School-age (6-12 years) |
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Erikson's psychosocial development:
Adolescence (12-19 years) |
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| identity vs role diffusion/confusion |
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| leading cause of morbidity in children |
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How to elicit: Touch infant's lips with finger
Disappears: 3-4 months |
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How to elicit: Stroke corner of mouth
Disappears: 3-4 months |
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How to elicit: Make loud noise or simulate falling. Infant should extend then flex arms and fingers.
Decreases: 3-4 months
Disappears: 6 months |
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How to elicit: Place index fingers into infant's hands.
Disappears: 3-4 months |
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How to elicit: Place infant in supine position and turn head to one side. The upper and lower extremities on that side extend while the opposite extremities flex.
Decreases: 3-4 months
Disappears: 6 months |
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How to elicit: Hold infant under axillae in standing position. Place feet on flat surface.
Disappears: before walking |
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| birth weight doubles by _____ |
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| birth weight triples by _____ |
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| average 6 month weight is _____ |
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| average 12 month weight is _____ |
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| head circumference increases by 1/3 by _____ |
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| During infancy, chest circumference is usually _____ compared to head circumference |
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| anterior fontanel closes between _____ |
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| posterior fontanel closes by _____ |
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| Solid food should not be introduced until an infant is _____ of age. |
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| Breast milk or formula should remain the primary source of nutrition until _____, although solid foods should be added. |
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| Why are new foods introduced slowly and 1 at a time to an infant? |
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Definition
| due to the possibility of food allergies |
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| When are finger foods (teething crackers, raw fruit, etc) introduced? |
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| When does primary tooth eruption occur? |
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| average urine output during infancy |
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| When does head lag disappear? |
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| When can an infant roll from front to back? |
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| When can an infant sit unsupported? |
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| When can an infant pull up to stand? |
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| When can an infant cruise (walk while holding onto stationery objects)? |
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| When can an infant walk while holding someone's hand? |
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| Infant can actively hold a rattle at _____. |
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| Infant can grasp voluntarily at _____. |
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| Infant can make a hand-to-hand transfer at about _____. |
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| Infant develops pincer grasp at _____. |
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| How tall of a block tower will an infant attempt at 12 months? |
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| Children should use a rear-facing car seat until child is how old? |
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- Encourage breast feeding
- Get routine immunizations
- Sleep in supine position
- Use a firm sleep surface
- No bed-sharing
- No soft bedding
- Prevent overheating
- Discourage exposure to smoke, alcohol, and drugs.
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| Attentive care provides _____ and builds trust by teaching infant that their needs will be promptly met. |
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| When does stranger anxiety typically begin? |
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| Infant displays a social smile at _____ of age. |
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| Infant recognizes familiar faces at _____ of age. |
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| Infant smiles at mirror image at _____ of age. |
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| Infant shows emotions such as jealousy and affection at _____ of age. |
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| The infant demonstrates what type of play? |
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| solitary play (non-interactive) |
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| Appropriate toys for 1-3 month old infants include... |
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| mobiles, unbreakable mirrors, music players, soft rattles |
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| Appropriate toys for 4-6 month old infants include... |
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| board books, teething rings, squeeze toys, squeaky toys, light rattles, busy boxes, activity mats/quilts |
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| Appropriate toys for 7-9 month old infants include... |
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| cloth-textured toys and books, splashing bath toys, busy boards, large blocks, stuffed animals or dolls (without detachable parts), large balls |
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| Appropriate toys for 10-12 month old infants include... |
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| durable books with large pictures, large building blocks, shape sorters, nesting cups, balls, push-pull toys |
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| Effective disciplinary measures for infants may include _____. |
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Negative voice and stern eye contact.
*Setting limits should begin in infancy because the earlier disciplinary measures are started, the easier they are to continue.* |
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| Infant coos between ages _____. |
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| Infant laughs, babbles, and makes consonant sounds between ages _____. |
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| Infant makes imitative sounds by age _____. |
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| Infant pronounces or repeats combined syllables ("ma-ma") by age _____. |
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| Infant understands no-no by age _____. |
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| Infant says and understands ma-ma and da-da in correct context by age _____. |
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| Infant says between 4 and 10 words in correct context by _____. |
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