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| Meaning creator and judge. First name for God given in the Tanakh (Genesis 1:1) |
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| Hebrew name of God, a name of God, expanded from the four letters YHWH tetragrammaton that forms the name of God in Hebrew. |
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| The first man created in the book of Genesis. God’s first human creation, given dominion over Eden. |
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| first female created in Genesis. Made from one of Adam’s ribs. Played a large part in the “fall”. Gave her husband the apple from the serpent from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. |
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| first-born son of Adam and Eve. First child born in the Bible. Killed his brother after God was more pleased with Abel’s sacrifice. |
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| Abel was the second born to Adam and Eve. Killed by his brother Cain. Offered God a pleasing sacrifice. |
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| 3rd son of Cain and Abel. Born after his brother was slain. Born when his father Adam was 130 years old. His name in Hebrew means “plant” |
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| symbol of evil power such as the fall in the garden of Eden. In exodus the staff of Moses and Aaron is turned into a serpent. The book of Revelation uses a Serpent several times to identify Satan. “Responsible for fall of man”. |
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| founding father of the Israelites. One of the patriarchs. History of the establishment of the covenant between _____ and God. God calls _______ to leave his land, family and household in Mesopotamia in return for a new land, family and inheritance in Canaan, the promised land. His name means “a father of many nations”. Asked by God to take his son Isaac and give him as a sacrifice, as he was about to kill his son God showed favor and spared his son. |
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| His name means “veil” his uncle was Abraham. He fleed with his family from Sodom and Gomorrah. Lots wife was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back on Sodom and Gomorrah. Lot also had sex with his daughters so that they could bear children. |
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| wife of Abraham. Mother of Isaac. Her name was originally Sarai. Sarah is translated as “princess”. Her name changing signifies a covenant. She was supposedly very beautiful. She gave her servent Hagar to Abraham so they could have children. Sarah was told she would have a son and she laughed. They named their child Isaac which means laughter. |
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| Abraham’s concubine. He was still Abram at the time. She was Sarai (Sarah’s) handmaiden. She had a son with Abram and they named him Ishmael (the patriarch of the Ishmaelite’s). Sarai dealt with her harshly after becoming jealous and Hagar fled. Was released as a slave when Sarah had Isaac. |
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| Abraham’s first son. After he was freed, along with his mother, they became thirsty in the desert. God said to lift up her son and she saw a well. He became an archer. He had 12 sons. He became the patriarch of the Ishmaelite’s. |
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| his name means “he laughs”. He was supposed to be sacrificed but God spared his life. Isaac married Rebekah and had twin boys Jacob and Esau. He was tricked by his son into blessing him instead of his eldest. Obeyed God and followed his commands, patriarch of Jewish nation. |
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| Helped her son trick her husband so that he would receive birthright. Her twins fought in the womb. |
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| known for his trickery. Came out of the womb clutching his brothers ankle. Received his brothers birthright. Jacob married two sisters: Rachel and Leah. He wrestled an Angel and was renamed “Israel”, he became father of the nation that bears his name. He gave his son Joseph the coat of many colors. |
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| Sold his birthright for a cup of soup. He was a hunter and was hairy. He had red hair and was very hairy. |
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| favorite wife of Jacob. She birthed Joseph and Benjamin. She was Leah’s younger sister. She was unable to conceive and gave Jacob, her husband, her maidservant Bilhah. After Leah had conceived she had Joseph (the favorite child). Jacob worked 14 years for her hand. |
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| Jacobs first wife, had 6 sons whose descendents became the 12 tribes of Israel. She had “tender eyes”. Her father deceived Jacob into marrying her, then marrying her sister Rachel. |
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| sold into slavery by his jealous brothers. His father gave him a coat of many colors. Was a slave in Potiphers house, implicated in a scandal with Potipher’s wife and ended up in jail. There he interpreted dreams. He ended up interpreting dreams for the pharaoh. His brothers ended up coming to Egypt because of the famine. Joseph played a trick on them and put a cup in their brother Benjamins bag and convicted him of stealing. Reunited with family. |
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| hidden when a decree came out to kill all newborn Hebrew babies. He was adopted into the royal family. Killed a man for beating a Hebrew. So he fled and became a shepard. Then God commanded him to deliver the Hebrew’s from bondage. God sent down the plagues to teach them a lesson. Moses parted the red sea so that the Hebrews could escape. Summoned to Mt. Sinai to bring the 2 tablets with the 10 commandments. Ordered mass execution of Hebrews who were worshipping false idols. |
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| Moses brother. Went to deliver the Hebrews with his brother. Became high priest of the Isreaelites. Was a good speaker. Dealt with the Egyptians by speaking for Moses. He brought down the first plagues. |
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| Raised with Moses. Would not let the Israelites go. |
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| - Referred to as the priest of Midian. Moses father in law. His daughter Zipporah married Moses. |
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| Meaning “Yahweh is salvation,” Joshua takes over the ruling of Israel after Moses’s death and after serving as his military assistant. He successfully leads the Israelites after defeating the Canaanites, which fulfilled Yahweh’s covenant with Moses, representative of his name, Johsua. |
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| A judge and prophetess, who helped bring Israel victories over Sisera’s Canaanite forces with the help of Barak. |
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| Israelite judge, subordinate to Deborah, who fought against the Canaanites. He failed to capture his main opponent, Sisera. |
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| Wife of Heber the Canaanite. She offered hospitality to Sisera and then murdered him- |
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| Son of Manoah. Samson was a Nazarite judge of Israel, famous for his supernatural strength, abortive love affair with Delilah, and the destruction of the Philistine temple of Dagon. |
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| Her name means “coquette” or “flirtatious.” She was from Sorek, and was bribed by the Philistines to discover and betray the secret of Samson’s strength. Found in (Judges 16) |
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| A widow left Moab with her mother-in-law, Naomi, and married Boaz of Bethlehem. She is the great grandmother of King David. |
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| means “my pleasantness.” Mother-in-law to Ruth. Wife of Elimelech of Bethlehem. She arranges Ruth’s marriage to Boaz, her Jewish kinsman in Ruth 3-4. |
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| A wealthy landowner of Bethlehem, and married Ruth, being the great grandfather of King David. |
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| The queen of Persia under Xerxes. Adopted daughter of Mordecai. Became a national heroine by delivering her people from a mass slaughter that was planned by Haman. The Book of Esther commemorates the Feast of Purim (Esther 9:17-10:3 |
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| Cousin and foster father of Esther. He saved his sovereign’s life from Haman (outwitted), who wanted to exterminate all the Jews throughout the Persian domain. He used Esther’s beauty to foil the plot, becoming second in power to the emperor |
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| An official of Xerxes’s court. He attempted to exterminate all the Jews in Persia (Esther 3, 7). |
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| (Xerxes I) Led the second Persian invasion of Greece and defeated at the Battle of Salamis (480 BCE). Apparently there is no record that he had a Jewish wife named Esther? |
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| Son of Hannah and Elkanah. Samuel was Israel’s last judge, a prophet and seer who also performed priestly functions. He was trained by the High Priest Eli at Shiloh, and became the single greatest influence in Israel’s transition from tribal confederacy to monarchy under Saul, whom he anointed king, but later rejected in favor of David (1 Sam 13:8-15; 15:10-35). |
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| Son of Kish. Anointed by Samuel to meet the Philistine crisis, which demanded strong centralized leadership. He defeated the Ammonites and Philistines at Geba and Michmash but rapidly lost support after antagonizing Samuel and refusing to kill the Amalekite king. Saul was upstaged by David, of whom he became intensely jealous. Saul was killed with his son, Jonathan, by the Philistines at the Battle of Gilboa and commemorated by one of David’s most beautiful lyrics. |
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| Means “beloved.” David is son of Jesse and becomes the second king of Israel. He is considered to be among Yahweh’s favorites regardless of his failures found in the Old Testament. David expanded Israel to its largest size and founded a new religious capital in Jerusalem. David is the prototype for the Messiah figure, who was prophesized to be his descendant. |
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| Son and heir of King Saul. He had unselfish devotion to King David. Killed with his father at by the Philistines at the Battle of Gilboa. |
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| A daughter of Saul who was offered to David as his wife for his exploits against the Philistines. She helped David escape Saul’s wrath, and then was rejected for criticizing his naked dancing in front of the Ark. |
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| Husband to Bathsheba. A Hittite practicer of Yahwism and a soldier of David. Uriah was ordered to the front lines exposed, by David, so that he would be killed and David could wed his wife. |
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| Wife of Uriah. Mother of Solomon, she conspired to place her son on Israel’s throne. Her adultery with David and his murder of her husband, Uriah, caused the denunciation of the prophet Nathan. |
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| Son of David and Bathsheba and Israel’s 3rd king. Famous for his wisdom, allied with Hiram of Tyre, built and dedicated Yahweh’s Temple in Jerusalem, and received Yahweh’s renewal of the Davidic Covenant. He worshipped gods other than Yahweh due to wives’ influences. He left his people financially exhausted and political discontented. |
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| A son of David (2) A prophet and political counselor who denounced King david for his adultery with Bathsheeba, revealed Adonijah’s plan to seize power, helped Solomon to succeed to David’s throne and is credited with writing a history of David & Sloman’s reigns. |
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| A name derived from a legendary Near Eastern figure who appears in the Ras Shamrah epics and who was incorporated with Noah and Job into the same biblical tradition of outstandingly righteous men from the ancient past. In the book of Daniel, he appears at the Babylonian and Persian royal courts as a sage interpreter of dreams |
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Fourth dynasty king of the Old Babylonian Empire
Son of Nabopolassar the most powerful ruler of the Neo-Babylonian empire. Neb. II defeated Pharoah Necho at the battle of Carhemish. According to the Bible, he conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and sent the Jews into exile. He is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and for the destruction of the First Temple. He is featured in the Book of Daniel and is mentioned in several other books of the Bible. |
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| These three men, were taken captive along with Daniel by King Nebuchadnezzar because they would not worship his golden statue as a deity and instead were thrown into a fire because of their choice to worship Yaweh. Previous to this,These four Hebrews excelled in wisdom and knowledge and found favor in King Nebuchadnezzar's eyes. The king put them into service among his most trusted wise men and counselors. When Daniel proved to be the only man capable of interpreting one of Nebuchadnezzar's troubling dreams, the king placed him in a high position over the whole province of Babylon, including all of the wise men of the land. And at Daniel's request, the king appointed Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego as administrators under Daniel. According to the bible they were miraculously unharmed in the flames and subsequently converted King Nebuchadnezzar. "But I see four men unbound, walking in the midst of the fire, and they are not hurt; and the appearance of the fourth is like a son of the gods." (Daniel 3:25, ESV) |
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(1)Earthly father to Jesus Christ.
(2) Son of Jacob and Rachel who aroused his 10 brothers jealousy with his prophetic dreams and was sold into slavery by them. Then through God’s help became Pharaoh’s right hand man and subsequently preserved his family line in the time of famine.
(3) Joseph of Arimathea a wealthy member of the Sanhedrin and according to the book of John a secret follower of Jesus who went on to claim Jesus’ crucified body from Pilate for burial in his private garden tomb. |
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| Mother of Christ who was impregnated, by God as a virgin before marrying Joseph. |
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| God’s son, part of the trinity. Sent to earth to spread the gospel and become the “lamb” of slaughter to pay for the sin of all humanity. |
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| A levite, wife of the priest Zachariah and mother of John the Baptist in her old age. |
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| Son of Jehoiada the priest, also descendent of Aaron, he became a priest himself. Married to Elizabeth and father of John the Baptist. God blessed the couple in their old age with a child. The book of Zechariah is characterized by strange imagery and apocalyptical visions. |
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| Son of Zechariah, and Elizabeth preached the eminence of Christ’s coming and his judgement. Baptized people and even Jesus once in the Jordon river. Prepared the way for Christ’s coming as a reincarnation of Elijah, recognized Jesus as the Christ. Was imprisoned by Herod and beheaded on request of herod’s wife via his daughter. |
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| Herod the Great / Two herods |
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| gave the murder decree for all male children causng mary and joseph to flee Egypt with baby Jesus. |
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| Herod Antipas / two heroes |
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| Herod Antipas was the son of Herod the Great and his Samaritan wife Malthace. He was tetrarch of Galilee during all of Jesus' human life. Unlike his father, who had tried and failed to have The Savior killed, this Herod saw it happen. He was the Herod that spoke with Jesus Christ after His arrest That Fateful Night (Luke 23:6-12), before sending Him back to Pontius Pilate. It was also this Herod who earlier had John The Baptist beheaded (Matthew 14:1-12) at the instigation of Herodias, the wife of his half-brother Herod-Philip, whom he had married. |
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| Force of Evil in bible who was once an angel that fell from heaven and was doomed to hell because of his desire to be like God. Satan took with him other angels called demons and together their sole purpose is to lure men into sin and rejecting God. |
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The most prominent of the twelves disciples also known as Simon. His name meant
“the rock”. Brother of the apostle Andrew and a native of Bethsaida a fishing village on the Sea of Galilee, called by Jesus to be “a fisher of men”. Was first to recognize Jesus as the Messiah and later denied him three times. Commanded by Jesus to “feed the sheep” and became a leader of the Jerusalem church and miracle worker. Martyred under Nero’s rule. |
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| Son of Zebedee, brother of John and one of the 12 apostles. Galilean fisherman, left his trade to follow Jesus and with John and Peter became a member of his inner circle. Among the 3 disciples present at Jesus’ transfiguration and was present with him at his last few hours before his arrest. “ the less” “the younger” |
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| One of Jesus’ 12 disciples. Son of Zebedee, brother of James. Was called “Son of thunder” for his violent temperament. Present at transfiguration. “Beloved” disciple to Jesus. One of the triple pillars to the gospel ministry, supposedly martyred under King Herod Agrippa. |
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| One of 12 apostles to jesus. Betrayed Jesus with a kiss and sold him for 20 pieces of silver. |
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| Personal copyist who recorded commercial, royal and religious texts and served as clerks, secretaries and archivist at Israel’s royal court and Temple. These “wise men” also aided in preserving and interpreting the Mosaic Torah. |
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| Leaders in Judaism who wanted to destroy Christianity for the most part. Faith focused on rigorous observance of Judaic law, or the law of the Old Testament. |
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| Ultra-conservative sect of Jewish faith composed largely of wealthy politicians and landowners. Unlike the Pharisees they recognized only the Torah as a binding and rejected the prophets and their writings, denying both resurrection and judgment in afterlife. Aristocracy controlling priesthood in the temple. |
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| most influential apostle of 12 to Jesus. Original name was Saul. Once was a Pharisee and was struck blind by God and was converted when his sight returned and subsequently preached the necessity of a relationship with God through the Holy Spirit rather than Jewish law. Martyred in Rome about 64-65 CE. |
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| Author of Revelation, according to our book different than John the apostle. |
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| Another name for Jesus, who was sacrificed for the sins of the world like a lamb. The lamb represents purity and innocence. |
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| first 5 books of the tanakh |
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| used by Jewish scholars to refer to the tanakh, the canonical collection of Jewish texts. |
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| collection of religious writing of ancient Israel that forms first section of the Christian Bibles. Divided into 39 books. |
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| second major part of the Christian biblical canon. Considered an “anthology”. Four narratives of the life, teaching, and death of Jesus called “gospels”. Also consists of narrative of the Apostles ministries in the early church called “acts of the apostles”. 21 letters often called “espistles”. And Apocalypse in the book of Revelation, which is also called the book of prophecy. |
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| is an ancient translation of the Hebrew Bible. It translates in latin as “translation of the seventy interpreters”. Some sections may show semiticism. |
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| Apocryphal/deuterocanical |
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| Describes certain books and passages of the Christian old testament that are not part of the Hebrew bible. The term is use in contrast to the protocanonical books, which are contained in the Hebrew Bible. Are considered canonical by Catholics and Eastern Orthodox. The word is greek meaning “belonging to the second canon”. |
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| a traditional sacred story, typically revolving around the activities of gods and heroes, which purport to explain natural phenomena or cultural practices. They are not necessarily held to be true, widely or otherwise. |
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| -is any scientific theory concerning the coming into existence (or origin) of either the cosmos (or universe) or the so-called “reality” of sentient beings. Developing a complete theoretical model has implications in both the philosophy of science and epistemology. |
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| is the study of the origins and eventual fate of the universe. Physical cosmology is the scholarly and scientfici study of the origin, evolution, structure, dynamics, and ultimate fate of the universe as well as the natural laws that keep it in order. |
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| the study of casuses, causation, or causality. |
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| refers to the earliest history in the Bible. Genesis chapters 1-11 are considered the primeval history portion of the Bible. Creation to flood. |
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| lengthy narratives about the patriarchs Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph. The history of the founding fathers. |
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it refers to those historical writings (often called the early prophets) that share an ideology in common with the book of Deuteronomy which has been described as “the theological preface to the former prohphets”
Prophecy-the foretelling or prediction of what is to come. Something that is declared by a prophet, especially a divinely inspired prediction, instruction, or exhortation. |
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| religious literary form: a speculative or didactic form of religious writing, exemplified by the books of Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes in the Bible, and the Wisdom of Soloman and Ecc. In the Apocrypha. |
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| sacred song or peom of praise, especially one in the Book of Psalms in the Bible. |
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| a literary convention employed by a narrator across a set of scenes, or related to scenes (place, action) already familiar to the audience. In the Hebrew bible (heavenly council, theophany, prophetic concealment and the dying monarch) |
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| appearance of deity to person: the appearance of a god in a visible form to a human being. |
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proposes the first five books of the bible were derived from originally independent, parallel and complete narratives, which are subsequently combined into the current form by a series of redactors (editors). The number of these is usually 4, but this is not an essential part of the hypothesis.
Doublet- denoting two or more versions, from different sources, of the same material. |
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| Used to describe a literary unit that forms a complete entity and is given context by later editorial commentary. For example, Jesus’ pronouncements probably circulated independently as pericopes until later incorporated into Gospel narratives |
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| - “good news.” The literary accounts of Jesus’ life and/or teachings, especially Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John. |
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| “to uncover” or “to reveal.” Prophetic literature that tells the future in symbols and mystical visions and deals mostly with eschatological events, or the destiny of humans and the universe. |
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| the second major division of the Hebrew Bible, including Joshua through 2 Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the 12 Minor Prophets. |
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| A religious leader who would settle disputes between the Israelites and neighboring nations, based on their own spiritual guidance and character. |
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a treaty or binding contract between two people.
Anointed/messiah/king/Christ- one who is marked by the pouring of oil on their head, signifying that they’re a messiah, or special. |
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| male/female, father/mother, of an ancient family line. A venerable tribal leader or founder. |
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a servant; sexual partner for the patriarch
Tribe(s) of Israel |
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| one of the world’s oldest cities, in Sumer. Where Abraham and his family migrated from to Haran. |
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| - The land of Palestine that is West of the Jordan River. The land promised to Abraham’s descendants. It was infiltrated by the Israelite tribes during the 13th and 12th centuries BCE. |
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| visited by Abraham and settled in by his descendants. Moses was raised here at the Egyptian court, then led enslaved Israelites from here. Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon defeated Pharaoh Necho’s troops here. |
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| Ancient neighbor of Israel, east of the Dead Sea and north of Edom. Moabites were Israel’s traditional enemies. |
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| In Hebrew bible times, a region or country extending southward from the dead sea to the Gulf of Aqabah, bordered on the north by Moab. Called “Seir”, identified with Esau and thought to be Yahweh’s homeland. Setting for the story of Job. |
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| The name J source apply to caravan merchants trading with Egypt but whom the E document calls Midianites. Biblical record seldom refers to them. |
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| The name given Jacob by an angel in Transjordan and by Yahweh at Bethel meaning “He has been strong against God” or “May God show his strength”. Also the nation of the Israelites. |
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(1)Fourth son of Jacob and Leah. According to the J account received his fathers most powerful blessing and became the progenitor of the tribe of Judah.
(2) Southern Kingdom, which supported the Davidic dynasty with the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Destroyed by Babylonians |
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| A large Asian territory southeast of Elam inhabited by Indo-European peoples. United by Cyrus the great. Location of Book of Esther. |
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| The famous ancient city spoken of in revelation specifically as a symbol of evil. Also symbolic of the Roman Empire and general euphemism for paganism |
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| Known for their pursuit of knowledge and philosophy, the greeks were a prominent people in biblical times. |
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| The international, interracial government centered in Rome, Italy that conquered and administered the entire Mediterranean region from Gaul to Egypt. |
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| According to Genesis was the 3rd of 4 rivers that watered Eden. On its banks were the ancient cities of Nineveh, Asshur and Calah all centers of the Assyrian empire. |
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| In genesis, one of the rivers that watered the garden of Eden. Also mentioned in Revelation as being dried up. |
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| The main river of Palestine connecting the sea of galilee and the dead sea and forms the boundary between east & west palestein. Site of John the Baptists baptisms, the last thing crossed by Israelites into Canaan and cured Naaman of leprosy in 2 Kings. |
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| A body of water the Israelite miraculously parted and crossed when Egyptian soldiers were in pursuit. |
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| Conquered at one time by king david, and chosen as his capitol city. Became part of the Promised Land associated with the tribe of Benjamin. |
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| Located in the northern part of Israel, t The childhood and early ministry of Jesus took place in Galilee. he region includes the towns of Nazareth and Cana, as well as the Sea of Galilee. |
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| a fresh-water lake in northern Israel. It's 13-miles long and about 8 miles across at its widest point. Jesus preached along its shores and called James, John, Peter and Andrew to be his disciples, to be "fishers of men." He performed many miracles here, such as the calming of the stormy sea, walking on water, and feeding the 5000 |
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| Small Aegean island off the coast of western Asia Minor (Turkey) where John the author of Revelation was exiled. |
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| A feminine goddess of fertility. |
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| Ancient Canaanite diety associated with agriculture |
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| Male demonic force mentioned in Solomon’s works |
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| Definition of the covenant community |
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| A covenant in Hebrew bible terms is an agreement between two parties. In terms of a covenant community, it is a community living in a covenant with Yahweh. An example of a covenant between Yahweh and man would be Noah in Gen 9:13, where Yahweh promises to never flood the earth again. The covenant community was spoken of in Deuteronomy as a community lead by old testament rules before Christ came to fulfill or destroy the law. Yahweh by way of Moses expressed his desires for his chosen people, the Israelites, to live in accord with his strict policies as dictated in the ten commandments. This covenant is referred to as the Mosaic covenant. God gives favor to the chosen peoples when they are in a covenant community/relationship with him. |
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