Term
| What is Sensory Transduction? |
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Definition
| Incoming stimuli (chemical or physical stimuli from an animal’s body or the external environment) are converted into neural signals |
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Term
| What is an Epithelial cell? |
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Definition
| It is a cell in the Epithelium. Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. |
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Term
| What is the nervous system like in Insects? |
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Definition
| They have a brain that has several subdivisions with separate functions. Close to cephalization. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increasing complex brain in anterior region of the body (the head). |
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Term
| Explain the vertebrate nervous system. |
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Definition
Two kinds of systems:
First: Central nervous system (CNS) Consists of Brain and spinal cord
Second: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Consists of cranial nerves, ganglia, and spinal nerves. |
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Term
| What is the Anatomical Nucleus? |
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Definition
| A cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS. |
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Term
| What is the Anatomical Ganglion? |
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Definition
| A cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function. |
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Term
| What is the Anatomical Tract? |
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Definition
| Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the CNS. |
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Term
| What is the Anatomical Nerves? |
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Definition
| Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS. |
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Term
| What are Mechanoreceptors? |
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Definition
| They transduce mechanical energy. |
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Term
| What are electromagnetic receptors? |
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Definition
| They detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| They respond to visible light energy. |
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Term
| What are Thermoreceptors? |
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Definition
| They respond to cold and heat |
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Term
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Definition
| They respond to specific chemicals |
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Term
| What are Nociceptors? (Pain Receptors) |
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Definition
| They respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids. |
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Term
| What are Meissner’s corpuscles? |
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Definition
| They sense touch and light pressure. They lie just beneath the skin surface. |
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Term
| What are Pacinain corpuscles? |
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Definition
| They respond to deep pressure and vibration. They are located much deeper beneath the surface. |
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Term
| What are free nerve endings? |
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Definition
| Nerves that respond to pain, itch, and temperature. |
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Term
| What do hair follicle endings do? |
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Definition
| They respond to light touch and vibration. |
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Term
| What are Stretch Receptors? |
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Definition
| When stretching occurs it alters proteins in the cell membrane, causing ion channels to open, and causing membrane to depolarize. Example: Stretching of the stomach wall is interpreted as fullness. Also stretching of blood vessels provides blood pressure information. |
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Term
| Explain the Lateral Line System. |
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Definition
| When there is a current in the water, the organism can sense it though the water entering through pores. The pores connect to the lateral line. In this line are cupula that cover multiple cilia cells. When the water moves across the cupula it cause the cilia cells to bend, thus causing a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance from the peak of one sound wave to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of complete waves in a second. (Hz) |
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Term
| How are short wavelengths different than long wavelengths? |
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Definition
| Short have high frequencies perceived as high pitch or tone. Long have lower frequencies perceived as a lower pitch. |
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Term
| What is the Eustachian Tube? |
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Definition
| It connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure. |
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Term
| What is the Basilar Membrane? |
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Definition
| It is the membrane of the cochlea that separating the vestibular canal from the tympanic canal. Short wavelengths (higher frequencies) and pass through it. |
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Term
| Explain the movement of sound waves though the ear. |
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Definition
| The outer ear collects sound waves and causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The tympanic membrane causes the ossicles to vibrate which then vibrate against the oval window. Pressure waves travel from the oval window to the vestibular canal and then to the tympanic canal. Waves of shorter wavelength travel through the cochlear duct and cause the basilar membrane to vibrate. |
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Term
| How does the Corti transmit sound to the brain? |
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Definition
| The vibrations in the Cochlea are transferred to the organ of the corti. The hairs on the corti bend due to the vibrations, these bends trigger neurotransmitters to be released. Action potentials are triggered in the auditory nerve. The frequency of action potentials are determined by up-and-down vibration of basilar membrane. |
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Term
| What does the Utricle do? |
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Definition
| It senses horizontal movements. |
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Term
| What does the Saccule do? |
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Definition
| It senses vertical acceleration. |
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Term
| Explain the Vestibular system in vertebrates. |
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Definition
| When head moves inertia causes calcium carbonate otoliths (which are embedded in a gelatinous substance) to lag behind and bend cilia changing the membrane potential. There are 3 canals that are oriented with these structures in 1 in each of the 3 plains. This gives the organism a sense of orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are calcium carbonate based structures that are effected by gravity. |
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Term
| How do Photoreceptors work? |
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Definition
| They detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave. |
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Term
| Explain the visual organs of Platyhelminthes. |
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Definition
| They have eyespots (make up of photoreceptors), which are used to detect the presence or absence of light. They do not form visual images. They have a layer of pigment that casts shadows, so it can detect the direction of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are light detectors. |
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Term
| How does the compound eye work? |
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Definition
| Each facet(ommatidia) are make up of a lens and crystalline cone. The cone focus light into the rhabdom(transparent tube). This tube is surrounded by retinula which serve as photoreceptors. There are pigment cells that surround the rhabdom that keep light from leaking into the adjacent ommatidia. compound eyes are extremely sensitive to light, but have less resolving power than the single-lens eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strong outer white sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is continuous with sclera, but thin and clear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rods are sensitive to low intensity light and do not discriminate colors. Used mostly at night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Require more light for stimulation and detect color. There are fewer cones than rods in human retina. |
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Term
| Name the parts of the eye from anterior to posterior. |
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Definition
| Sclera, Cornea, Pupil-Iris, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| The hole in the eyeball that lets light in. |
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Term
| Explain rod cell structure. |
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Definition
| A rod cell is a modified neuron. The outer segment contains pigment. The inner segment contains nucleus and other organelles. On the "bottom" of the rod is a synaptic terminal filled with neurotransmitter filled vesicles that interact with postsynaptic neurons. |
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Term
| What are visual pigments made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two kinds: Rod pigment-Rhodopsin and Cone pigment-humans 3 (red, green, blue) some less, birds have 5 |
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Term
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Definition
| A "vitamin A" derivative that absorbs light energy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are Chemoreceptor cells? |
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Definition
| Cells that have receptors that allow chemicals to bind causing the release of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| Explain the Olfactory system? |
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Definition
| The olfactory receptors have long cilia with specific receptors to bind odor molecules. Only one kind of odor receptor is expressed per olfactory cell. The binding of a chemical ligand results in action potentials being sent to olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. The overall smell sensation depends upon which set of olfactory receptor cells are activated. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are the bumps on the tongue that contain the folds that contain the taste buds. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Skeleton? |
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Definition
| Support, Protection, and Locomotion. |
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Term
| Pivot joints have what kind of movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hinge joints have what kind of movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ball-and-socket joints have what kind of movement? |
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Definition
| Movement in several planes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of tendons? |
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Definition
| They link bone to skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| What is special about the lever set up in the body? |
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Definition
| That the muscles only have to contract a bit for the arm to move a lot. So relatively slow movements from the muscle can produce fast movements of the hand or other body part. |
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Term
| Name the muscle structure from largest to smallest. |
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Definition
| Muscle, Bundle of muscle fibers, One muscle fiber, Myofibril, Sarcomere, 2 kinds of filaments. |
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Term
| In sarcomeres what are the thick filaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| In sarcomeres what are the thin filaments? |
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Definition
| Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin |
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Term
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Definition
| When mammalian hearts can generate their own periodic action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| When hearts of arthropods require regular electrical impulses from the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Red Blood cells that carry oxygen transport using hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells that defend body against infection and disease |
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Term
| What is the difference between arteries and arterioles? |
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Definition
Arteries: Conduct blood away from the heart
Layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium
Arterioles:Smaller in diameter, branches of arteries
Walls thinner than arteries, lack thick layer of connective tissue
Have smooth muscle encircling (can control flow of blood-key factor in blood pressure) |
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