Term
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Definition
| export of material from one cell to the intercellular space followed by an import of same material by adjacent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
movement of solutes through cell wall material, spaces between cells
- appoplast, continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces
- short distance transport |
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Term
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Definition
| mass movement of liquid cused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination |
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Term
| tracheids and vessel- elements |
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Definition
| specialized water-conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature |
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Term
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Definition
give greaer capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants
- water flows faster through vessels than tracheids |
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Term
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Definition
- plants expand little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem
- adhesion: water sticks to walls of of xylem vessels
- water is cohesive due to strong hydrogen bonding |
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Term
| stomatal movements to reduce transpiraltional water loss |
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Definition
- guard cells close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis
- blue light stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cells expand and stomata opens
- at night, ions pumped out, cell deflates and stomata closes
- ABA can also close stomata during the day |
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Term
| leaf abscission or leaf drop |
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Definition
- occurs normally to prevent water stress
- particularly valuable adaptation for desert plants and angiosperm trees of seasonally cold habits |
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Term
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Definition
- composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues
- orgnized together to provide coordinatedfunction/ functions |
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Term
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Definition
| - different organs work together to perform regulate complex functions |
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Term
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Definition
- 2 main compartments
- intracellular: inside cell
- extracellular: outside cells |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
- fluid (blood) is pumped within vessel system
- kept within closed system of vessels
- plasma: fluid portion of blood
- blood cells: suspended in plasma
- interstitial fluid: fluid between cells outside vessels |
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Term
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Definition
- fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid
- typically no blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - eat both plant and animal material |
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Term
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Definition
| - consume animal flesh and animal material |
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Term
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Definition
| - any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair or reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| - small molecules are often transported from area of digestion to animal's circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| - chemical building block (amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides) or as cofactors/coenzymes (vitamin a mineral nutrient) |
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Term
| 5 categories of organic food molecules |
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Definition
| 1. carbohydrates, 2. proteins, 3. lipids, 4. nucleic acids, 5. vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
- certain compounds cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule
- 4 groups |
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Term
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Definition
- 8 required
- cannot be synthesized by animal's own cells
- are not stored
- most plant food sources do not contain every essential amino acid in sufficient quantity to fully supply an animal's nutritional needs |
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Term
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Definition
- needed for building fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones
- certain ones cannot be synthesized by animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
- many required in only trace amounts
- some required in larger amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| - stored in adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- not all animals require the same ones
- serve as coenzyme, which play essential functions in enzyme catalyzed reactions |
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Term
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Definition
- only found in very simple invertebrate animals (sponges)
- tiny bits of food are phagocytosed
- food molecules broken down by enzymes in intracellularc compartments (lysosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
- digestion occurs in a body cavity, prior to being absorbed into the body and transoprted
- enzymes screted from cells into lumen of body cavity or organ
- allows for larger food items to be taken in and utilized as nutritional sources |
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Term
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Definition
- simple system of extracellular digestion
- one opening is entry and exit
- epithelial lining of the cavity secretes digestive enzymes
- partially digested food phagocytosed, molecules are absorbed
- digestion of particles completed intracellularly |
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Term
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Definition
- single elongated tube with entry and exit ends
- lined by epithelial cells
- several specialized regions |
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Term
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Definition
- dentition adn tongue
- saliva |
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Term
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Definition
- released by salivary glands
- moistens and lubricates food to facilitate swallowing
- dissolve food particles to facilitate taste and increase accessibility to digestive enzymes
- lysozome enzyme in saliva kills ingested bacteria
- initiate digestion of polysaccharides with salivary amylase enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| - regulates movement of food into the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
- transmits food from pharynx to stomach
- pathway only, no digestive functions |
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Term
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Definition
- saclike organ for storing food and digestive function
- denatures and partially digests proteins |
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Term
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Definition
- 3 lower esophsgeal pouches
- rumen and reticulum contain cellulose digesting microbes
- omasum absorbs some water dn salt from food |
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Term
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Definition
- true stomach, eventually food microbes and other products of microbial digestion enter this structure
- contains acid and proteolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
- nearly all digestion on food and absorption of food and water occur in the first quarter of the length
- digestive enzymes are found on inner surface |
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Term
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Definition
| - finger-like projection on mucoal surface of small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
- lymphatic vessel
- allows for larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| - secrees digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid, released into small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| - neutralizes acidic stomach chyme as it enters small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| - site of bile production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- primary function is to store and concentrate fecal matter adn absorb salt and water
- lowers excess blood salts secreted from wall of it into lumen
- structure: ascending transverse adn descending segments |
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Term
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Definition
| - digestion of starch by salivary amylase |
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Term
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Definition
- most ingested in the form of triglycerides
- digestion occurs entirely in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
- cells in the ervous system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body
- structure: cell body/soma, dendrties, axon |
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Term
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Definition
| - contains nucleus and many other cellular organelles |
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Term
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Definition
- relatively short firbrous extensions of fibrous membrane
- maybe single or braching
- transmit incoming electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
- longer fibrous extensions of plasma membrane
- typically single, but can branch
- send electrical signals propagating outward from cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| - base of axon, near cell body |
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Term
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Definition
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
3. interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
- detect stimuli from outside world or internal body conditions
- act as sensory reception or interact with sensory receptors
- afferent neurons in vertebrates transmit signal to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| - in vertebrates, send signals away from CNS to elict response |
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Term
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Definition
| - from interconnections between other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
- involves all three types of neurons
- stimulus from sensory neurons sent to CNS, little or no interpretation signal transmitted to motor neurons to elict response |
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Term
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Definition
- second important cell types in the nervous system
- perform various support functions |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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Definition
| - make up the myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| - metabolic support, protections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - form tracks for neuronal migration in embryos |
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Term
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Definition
difference in charge inside adn outside the cell
- plasma membrane acts as a barrier serperating charges |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| electrical potential when neurons are not sending signals |
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Term
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Definition
| - records the voltage difference between the microelectrodes inside adn outside the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
- combined effects of electrical adn chemical gradients determine how ions move across the membrane
- opposing chemical and electrical gradients can create an equilibrium where there is no movement |
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Term
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Definition
- cell membrane potential becomes less negative
- inside of cell less negative relative to surrounding environment
- typically in neurons, gated channels open alloinf sodium to enter and membrane potential becomes more positive |
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Term
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Definition
- cell membrane more polarized
- cytoplasm of cells becomes more negative relative to surrouniding environment
- in neurons can occur if potassium moves out of the cell making the interior less positive |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to generae and conduct electrical signals |
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Term
| voltage-gated ion channels |
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Definition
| - open and close in response to coltage changes |
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Term
| ligand-gated ion channels |
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Definition
| - open and close in response to ligand or chemicals |
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Term
| 2 types of membrane potential |
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Definition
1. graded potentials
2. action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
- small amplitude depolarization or hyperpolarization
- amplitude varies incrementally depending on strength of stimulus
- occur locally and spreads a short distance and dies out |
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Term
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Definition
- always the same large-amplitude depolarization (cell membrane becomes more positive)
- all-or-none, either triggered or not
- actively propogated outward from initial location, "regenerative"
- an action potential in one area of the membrane can involve an action potential in adjacent area |
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Term
| sequence of events for action potential |
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Definition
1. begins when graded potential deplarizes and recches threshold
2. voltage gted Na+ channels open, triggering action potential
3. Na+ rapidly diffuses into cell through open channels, causing characteristic spike in membrane potential
4. inactivation gate in Na+ channel swings shut and will not reopen until resting potential
5. voltage-gated K+ channels also opened by threshold potential but open after Na+ channels
6. K+ ions leave the cell through open channels, and membrane potential becomes negative again
7. so many K+ ions leave that the membrane momentarily hyperpolarizes
8. voltage-gated K+ channels close and resting membrane potential restored |
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Term
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Definition
| junction where nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell or gland |
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Term
| three parts of the synapse |
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Definition
| presynaptic cell, synaptic cell and postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| - neurotransmitter acts as singal from presynaptc to postsynaptic |
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Term
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Definition
| ions freely flow through gap junctions from cell to cell |
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Term
| what happens when action potential reaches axon terminal? |
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Definition
| calcium enters cells though voltage-gated calcium channels |
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Term
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Definition
| - vesicles to fuse with membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| types of post-synaptic receptors |
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Definition
- neuron type-specific
- type that bind to specific ligands (neurotransmitters) |
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Term
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Definition
| - ligand-gated ion channels open in response to neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| - G-protin coupled receptors initiate changes in postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| - brings membrane closer to threshold potential (opening of ligan-gated sodium channels) |
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Term
| IPSP (inhibitorpostsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| - takes membrane farther from threshold potential (hyperpolarization, opening of lignd-gated potassium channels) |
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Term
| CNS (central nervous system) |
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Definition
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Term
| PNS (peripheral nervous system) |
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Definition
| - neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheral nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
| - cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS
- cranial nerves are connected directly to the brain
- spinal nerves run from various locations to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| incoming stimuli (chemical or physical) are converted into neutral signals |
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Term
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Definition
| - concious awareness of sensations |
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Term
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Definition
- recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transudction by creating graded potential- in the same or adjacent cells
- eiher neurons or specialized epithelial cells
- when the response is strong enough, an action potential is sent to the CNS |
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Term
| intesity of sensory stimuli |
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Definition
- amount of cell membrane depolarization directly related to intensity of stimulus (graded potential)
- when stimulus is strong enough, it will depolarize the membrane to the threshold potential and produce an action potential in a sensory neuron
- strength of the stimulus is indicated by the frequency of an action potential generated |
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Term
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Definition
- mechanoreceptors
- electromagnetic receptors
- chemoreceptors
- nociceptors/ pain receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| transduce mechanical energy |
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Term
| electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum
- photoreceptors, thermoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to specific chemicals |
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Term
| nociceptors/ pain receptors |
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Definition
| respond to extremes of heat, cold and pressure as well as to certin molecules such as acids |
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Term
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Definition
- physically touchin or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens ion channels in the plama membrane
- some mechanoreceptors are neurons
- others are specialized epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - alters proteins in cell membrane, causing ion chnnels to open and causing membrane to depolarize |
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Term
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Definition
- specialized epithelial cells
- deformable clia resemble hairs |
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Term
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Definition
| - meissner's corpuscles an pacinian corpuscles |
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Term
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Definition
- sense touch adn light pressure
- lie just beneath the skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
- located much deeper beneath the surface
- respond to deep pressure and vibration |
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Term
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Definition
- hair cells that detect changes in water currents
- cilia of hair cells protrude into cupula structure within lateral line canal system
- when cupula moves, cilia bend, and neurotransmitter released |
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Term
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Definition
| - ability to detect and interpret sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from one peak to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| number of complete waves in a second (Hz) |
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Term
| what kind of tone or pitch does a short wavelength have? |
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Definition
| short wavelengths have high frequencies meaning they produe high pitches or tone |
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Term
| what kind of tone or pitch is a long wavelength perceived as? |
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Definition
| long wavelengths have a lower frequency so they are perceived as a low pitch |
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Term
| 3 main compartments of the mammalian ear |
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Definition
1. outer ear
2. middle ear
3. inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
- pinna and auditory canal
- seperated from middle ear by eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) connect eardrum to oval window |
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Term
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Definition
- cochlea (audition) and vestibular system (equilibrium, balance, propriorecepors)
- eustachian tube- connects to pharynx, equalize pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| movement of sound waves through the ear |
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Definition
- sound waves enter the outer ear
- tympanis membrane vibrate back and forth
- ossicles transfer vibrations to oval window
- sends pressure waves through cochlea
- waves travel from vestibular canal to tympanic canal and dissiate against round window
- high frequency sounds we hear pass through the basilar membrane making it vibrate |
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Term
| equilibrium and proprioception |
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Definition
- ability to sense the position, orientation and movement of the body
- many aquatic in vertebrates have statocysts to send positional information |
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Term
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Definition
| small round chambers lines with hair cells, contain statoliths (dense mineral crystals) |
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