Term
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Definition
| Export of material from one cell to another w/ inter-membrane space in between. ex. auxin |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence in plant cells: Plasmodesmata--> channel linked by protein, connecting cytoplasm of two cells. Material moves freely through. Driven by diffusion. All of the connected cells are called symplast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of material around the cell wall (water saturated cell wall material). Great distance, less material can travel short distances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues-only symplastic transport allowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along. |
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Term
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Definition
| mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combo of these. |
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Term
| Movement of water in xylem |
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Definition
| Xylem water flow is controlled by "pulls"(evaporation) and "pushes"(osmotic movement of water into cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water stress to walls of xylem vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates active guard cell ion uptake water flows in, cells expand and stomata opens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents water loss. Ethylene stimulates formation abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by male gametophyte and foster their early development. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of 4 microsporangium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes pollen tube. Deliver of sperm to females. Will form pollen tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divides to produce 2 sperm cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each plant has distinctive shape to pollen wall (helpful in fossil recognition). Composed largely of sporopollenin (gives physical/chemical strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vase-shaped structure that produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes. Flower contains one or more carpels that form a pistil. Composed of stigma, style, and ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces and nourishes one or more ovaries |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-producing structures enclosed in integuments = megasporangium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each ovule produces this by mitosis of megaspore. Often have 7 cells and 8 nuclei. |
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Term
| Development of the mature male gametophyte |
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Definition
| Stigma only allows appropriate genotype to germinate. pollen tube grows through microphyle and delivers sperm to female gametophyte, Results in double fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the 2 sperm cells fertilizes the egg to produce the diploid zygote. Other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei located in central cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives nutrition for embryo. Develops as a nutritive tissue, usually triploid chromosome number. Rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Comes from parent sporophyte by apoplastic transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eudicots store nutrients from endosperm. They are seed leaf. Replace endosperm. Monocots retain considerable amount of endosperm in the mature seed (only part incorporated into the single cotyledon). |
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Term
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Definition
| Young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte. Tough seed coat produced by sporophyte integuments (layers around ovule). Seeds contain tissues from 2 sporophyte generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of single celled zygotes by mitosis. First cell division is unequal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller cell. Becomes into apical embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger cell. Develops onto basal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels nutrients to embryo. Disappears and older embryos rely on endosperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange materials with surroundings, obtain energy form organic nutrients, synthesize complex molecules, duplicate (reproduce) themselves, detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment (stimuli). |
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Term
| Differences between plants and animal cells |
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Definition
| No cell wall, no photosynthesis (acquisition of organic nutrients), and rapid coordinated movement used in pursuit of food, pr avoidance of predators. |
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Term
| Levels of Organization in animals |
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Definition
| cells-->tissues-->organs-->organ system-->organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized to contract. 3 types - Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion. Voluntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents. Involuntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only in the heart. Involuntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiate and conduct electrical signals form one part of the animal's body to another. Stimulate new electrical signal in adjacent neurons, muscles to contract, glands to release chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs. Line the walls of body cavities (chest cavities). Specialized to protect, provide selective permeability, secrete or absorb materials. |
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Term
| Basal lamina/Basement membrane |
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Definition
| (secreted extracellular matrix). Simple - culubodal, clumnus, squamous. Complex - stratified columnar, stratified squamous, Pseudostratified ciliated columnar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes blood, adipose (fats), bone, catrilage, and loose and connective tissue. Provide scaffold for attachment, protects and cushions (joints), mechanical strength, and transmission or mechanical forces (blood). |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of 2 or more types of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function/functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions. Spatial arrangement of organs into organ systems part of overall body plans. |
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Term
| 2 main compartments for body fluids |
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Definition
| Intracellular fluid: fluid inside cells. Extracellular: fluid outside cells. They can be very different in solute composition. |
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Term
| Closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| Fluid (blood) pumped within (to a certain extent) vessel system. Plasma - fluid (liquid) portion of blood. Blood cells suspended in plasma. Interstitial fluid: fluid between cells outside vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid. Typically no blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consume animal flesh or fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| eat both plant and animal material. |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules are transported into fluids of animal's body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport work - moving molecules from one plant to another. Mechanical work - actin building. Chemical work - synthesis of various molecules. |
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Term
| 5 categorizes of organic (carbon based) food molecules for complete nutrition |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain compounds cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule. 4 groups - essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 required that need to be eaten instead of produced: Isolencine, leucine, lysine, methoinine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Are in meat, or in corns/grains and legumes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Need for building fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones. Thromboxanes (blood clotting) and Prostaglandins (inflammatory response) are plant-derived fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids found primarily in plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macro and micronutrients. Macro are needed for energy metabolism (phosphate in ATP), Body structure (calcium in bones), membrane transport (sodium in glucose), and electrical impulse in nervous system (sodium/potassium levels). |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat-soluble: stored in adipose tissue. Water-soluble: not stored. Both primates and guinea pigs can't synthesize Vitamin C. Serve as coenzymes (play essential functions in enzyme - catalzyed reactions). |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by lack of Vitamin C consumed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens in simple invertebrates: sponges. Tiny bits pf food are phagocytosed. Food molecules broken down by enzymes in intracellular compartments (lysosome). |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestion occurs in a body cavity, prior to being absorbed into the body and transported. Enzymes are secreted from cells into lumen of body cavity or organ. Can consume larger amount of food for nutritional sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| one-opening, allowing material in. Epithelial lining of the cavity secretes digestive enzymes. Cnidarians, flatworms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single elongated tube with entry and exit ends. Muscular action propels food one direction through the system. Lined by epithelial cells (synthesize and secrete enzymes, hormones). There are different specialized regions for different processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dentition (teeth) and tongue: aid in breaking-up food into smaller parts and swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by salivary glands. Moisturizes and lubricates food to facilitate swallowing. Initiate digestion of polysaccharides with salivary-amylase enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates movement of food into the esophagus. Pathway only, no digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits food from pharynx to stomach. Pathway only, no digestion. In birds, crop is the just for storage and softening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saclike organ for storing food and digestive function. Denatures and partially digests proteins. No carbohydrate or lipid digestion. |
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Term
| Cells in gastric glands (gastric pits) secrete |
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Definition
| Hydrochloric acid: secreted by parietal cells in walls of pits; kill microbes, dissolves particulate matter, protein debaturation. Pepsinogen: Secreted by chief cells in walls of pit; inactive form converted to pepsin to begin digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller pieces = more surface area. What the digestive process and churning reduces food to. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 lower esophageal pouches. Rumen and Reticulum - contain cellulose digesting microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| True stomach: eventually food, microbes, and by products of microbial digestion enter this system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorbs some of the water and salts from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearly all digestion of food, and absorption of food and water occur in the first quarter of the intestinal length.Digestive enzymes found on inner (lumena) surface of the small intestine or secreted into lumen by pancreas. |
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Term
| Surface area in small intestine |
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Definition
| Mucosa (internal surface epithelium) is folded. Villi - finger like projections on mucosal surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capillaries: nutrients other than fat absorbed into blood. Lacteal (lymphatic vessel): allows larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood. Epithelial cells are covered with microvilli, creating a brush border. Increase surface area by 600 fold. Better chance of absorption. |
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Term
| Length of small intestine |
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Definition
| Herbivores have a must longer small intestine than carnivores. Added time for digesting plant material. Larger cecum houses cellulose-digesting microbes. Appendix is an extension of cecum. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down 2-sugar chains (2 monosaccaridies). |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted into lumen and on lumenal surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (neutralizes acidic fluid from stomach) ion rich fluid, released into small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of bile production. Contains bicarbonate ions (neutralize salts), bile salts (taks apart fat chunks into fat froplets. Hvae polar tails and hydrophobic heads). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Primary function: to store and concentrate fecal matter an absorb some salt and water. Also, lowering excess blood salts (calcium and iron) secreted from wall of large intestine from lumen. Bacterial metabolism provides certain vitamins (vitamin K, biotin, folic acid). |
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Term
| Structure of large intestine |
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Definition
| Ascending, transverse, and descending elements. Terminal Position of alimentary canal (colon and rectum). |
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Term
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Definition
| In animals, most are starch and cellulose with some monosaccarides and disaccarides. Mouth: starch digestion by salivary amylase. Intestine: pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccarides. Secondary active transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pepsin breaks it down the stomach. Pancreas secretes trypsin and chymotrypsin. Enteropeptidases clips trypsinogen--> trypsin--> can clip chymotrypsinogen--> chymotrypsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingested mostly as triglycerides. Pancreatic lipase clips fatty acids off glycerol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by bile salts, fatty acids, and monoclyerides. Fatty acids and monoclyerides diffuse from these and travel through epithelial layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triglycerides and other lipids are assembled into these. Are released by exocyctosis form epithelial cells transmitted into lacteal cells. |
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Term
| Vitamins, Minerals, and Water |
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Definition
| Do not need to be digested, but absorbed in complete form. Fat-soluble vitamins follow pathway for fat development. Small amounts of water absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow for rapid detection of and response to environment and internal stimuli. Coordinates movement, glandular secretions, cardiovascular and respiratory system control, and homeostatic regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the nervous system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body. Transmit signals to other neurons and to other cell types in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body (soma) - contains nucleus and many other cellular organelles. Dendrites - short fibrous extentions of plasma membrane (often multiple). May be single or branching. Transmit signals (propagating towards the body). Axons - longer fibrous extentions of the plasma membrane. Single, but can branch. Sends signals propagating outward the cell body. Axon Hillock: base of the axon, near the cell body. Terminal branches or nerve terminal at the far end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect stimuli from the outside world or internal body conditions. Act as sensory receptors or interact with sensory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| in vertebrates, transmit signals to the CNS (brain, spine). |
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Term
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Definition
| In vertebrates,send signals away from CNS (efferent neurons) to elicit response (muscle contraction/secretion). |
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Term
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Definition
| Form interconnections b/w other neurons. Middle man. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory, motor, and interneurons are all involved. Stimulus from sensory neurons sent to CNS. Little or no interpretation, signal transmitted to motor neurons to elicit a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wraps around axons of neurons. 10 to 1,000 times more numerous than neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) make up the myelin sheath. Astrocytes: metabolic support/protection of neurons. Microglia: migrating population of glial cells. Engulf and break down debris in NS. Radial glial: form tracks for neuronal migration in embryo's (newly born neurons). |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in charge inside and outside the cell (a potential difference/voltage). Plasma membrane acts as a barrier, separating charges. Ion concentrations differ between the inside and outside of the cell. Electrically "polarized" - more negative not sending signals. |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| Electrical potential when neurons not sending signals. (true of al cells). usually around -70mv. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can record the voltage difference between the microelectrodes inside and outside the neuron. Negative ions within the cell are drawn to the potential voltage. Interior is more negative than the exterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction where nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell, or gland. Presynaptic cell - (sends signal) synaptic cleft and postsynaptic cell (receives signal). |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrical: ions freely flow through gap junctions (like plasmadesmota) from cell to cell. Chemical - neurotransmitters acts as signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters diffuse across cleft and binds to ligand-gated channels or receptors in postsynaptic cell membrane. Can cause depolerization (positively trigger an action potential) or hyperpolarization (decreasing the likelihood of an action potential). |
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Term
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Definition
| They are neuron specific, binding to specific ligands. Different types of effects on neurons. Ionotrooic receptors: ligand-gated channel open in response to neurotransmitter. Metabotryopic receptors: G-protein coupled receptors initiate changes in postsynaptic cell. an have excitatory or inhibitory effects, depending on the receptors. Trigger opening of sodium (positive; depolarize) channels or potassium (negative;hyper polarized) channels. |
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Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| Brings membrane closer to threshold potential (opening of ligand-gated sodium channels). |
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Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| Takes membrane farther from threshold potential (hyper polarization; opening of ligand-gated potassium channels). |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve net (little centralization). No head or brain, just diffused network of nerves communicating with each other. Simplest form of nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve ring around mouth connected to larger radial nerves extending into arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dual nerve chords extend length of animal connected by transverse nerve cells. Two anterior ganglia (nerve clusters). Basic integral functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same generally as Platyhelminthes. More "integration center" at anterior segment. Ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to annelids. Two parked nerve cords with several paired ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cerebral ganglion. Highly developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain has several subdivisions with separate functions. |
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Term
| Vertebrate nervous system |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) - includes motor neurons. Brain and spinal chord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and periphary nerves). Includes sensory neurons. |
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Term
| Anatomical Structures in the CNS and PNS |
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Definition
| Nucleus: cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS. Ganglion: cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function. Tract: myelinated axon that run in parallel bundles in the CNS. Nerves: myelinated axon that run in parallel bundles in PNS. Cranial nerves are connected directly to the brain. Spiral nerves run from various locations on the body to spinal chord. |
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Term
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Definition
| combined effects of electrical and chemical gradients determine how ions move across the membrane. Equilibrium when both gradients are equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane potential becomes less negative, inside of cell less negative relative to surrounding environment. Typically in neurons, gated channels open allowing Na+ to flow to and membrane potential becomes more positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane more polarized, cytoplasm of cell becomes more negative relative to surrounding environment. In neurons, can occur is K+ moves out of the cell making the interior of the cell less positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage - gated: open and close in response to voltage changes. Ligand - gated: open and close in response to ligands or chemical. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small amplitude depolarization or hyper polarization. Amplitude varies incrementally depending on strength of stimulus. Occur locally, spreads a short stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Always the same, large amplitude depolarization. All or none. Triggered or not. Actively proprigated outward from initial location, "regenerative" (an action potential in on e area of the membrane can invoke and action potential in an adjacent area). |
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Term
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Definition
| They have the capacity to generate and contact electrical signals along their membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| While the inactivation gate of Na+ channel is closed, cell is unresponsive to another stimulus )cannot initiate another action potential. Sodium-potassium pump restores sodium and potassium gradients across the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad axons provide less resistance and action potential moves faster. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelinated is faster than unmyelinated. Sheath is not continuous - gaps at nodes and Ranvier. Saltutory Conduction - action potential "jumps" to next node. |
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