Term
| What are the cells that respond to light called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do photoreceptors respond to light? |
|
Definition
| They switch on signal transduction. |
|
|
Term
| What is main blue-light sensor in phototropism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are red light receptors involved in timing of germination. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of crytochromes(blue-light receptors)? |
|
Definition
| They help young seedlings determine if light environment is bright enough for photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| How are flowering plants classified according to their flowering responds to night length? |
|
Definition
| They can be classified as long-day plants, short-day plants, and day-neutral plants. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between nutrient and essential nutrient? |
|
Definition
| Nutrient is general beneficial substance needed by an organism, while essential nutrient is needed for completion of reproductive cycle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in required amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients? |
|
Definition
Macronutrients - 1g/kg
Micronutrients - 0.1g/kg |
|
|
Term
| Most plant dry mass originates from ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is water so important for plants? |
|
Definition
| It's the main transport medium, and it's important for metabolic biochemical reactions. |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms when plants lack essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Failure to reproduce, tissue death, changes in leaf color |
|
|
Term
| __________ frequently limits plant growth, and is the largest component in plants by weight after carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fixed form of nitrogen? and which one is the most common one? |
|
Definition
ammonium and nitrate
Nitrate is the most common form of fixed nitrogen. |
|
|
Term
| Describe nitrogen fixation |
|
Definition
| atmospheric N2 combined with H to give NH3 |
|
|
Term
| Mycorhizzal (plant-fungus) associations |
|
Definition
1)Fungi live within root tissues
2)Fungi obtain organic food from plant while fungi supplies water&mineral nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Plant-Prokaryote Symbioses |
|
Definition
1)Bacteria supplies plants with fixed nitrogen
2)Plant provides organic nutrients to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses |
|
Definition
1)Certain bacteria live in root cells of legumes
2)Rhizobia can live independently but only fix nitrogen inside root nodules |
|
|
Term
| What do xylem and phloem transport? |
|
Definition
xylem - water and dissolved minerals
phloem - dissolved organic susbtances |
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors that water content of plant cells depend on? |
|
Definition
| osmosis and turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of tissue level transport? |
|
Definition
| transmembrane transport, symplastic transport, apoplastic transport |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of transport moves substances through plasmodesmata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which transport of tissues stops at root endodermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)water conducting cells
2)lignin-containing
3)pits(nonlignified holes allowing water to flow from one tracheid to another) |
|
|
Term
| Water flows faster through tracheids than vessels. True or false? |
|
Definition
| False (faster through vessels than tracheids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants extend little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forces that power xylem bulk flow? |
|
Definition
1)adhesion
2)water
3)Sun's energy |
|
|
Term
| Explain stomatal movements |
|
Definition
1)Guard cells close to conserve water
2)Blue light stimulates active guard cell ion uptake
3)Water flows in
4)Cell expands
5)Stomata opens |
|
|
Term
| When does leafabscission take place? |
|
Definition
| It occurs to prevent water stress, or to temperautre or light changes |
|
|
Term
| Phloem works under what circumstances? |
|
Definition
| positive hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What does companion cell supply to sieve tube element? |
|
Definition
| mRNA and proteins via plasmodesmata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for most long distance transport |
|
|
Term
| Symplastic Phloem Loading |
|
Definition
| Sucrose is transported from sugar producing cells, to companion cells and then to sieve-tube elements |
|
|
Term
| Partial Apoplastic Phloem Loading |
|
Definition
| Sugar loaded into sieve-tube elements/companion cells from intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| Which phloem loading requires ATP? Symplastic loading? or Apoplastic loading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the main source when new growth and leaf formation occur in the spring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main source when leaves actively photosynthesize? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic leaf mesophyll |
|
|
Term
| Who suggested Pressure flow hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Ernst Munch (a German plant physiologist) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Sieve-tube elements ; high solute contents
2)Water rushes into them from adjacent xylem; hydrostatic pressure
3)Vessel elements; lower solute concentration
4)Water moves into adjacent xylem |
|
|
Term
| What produce flower organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function to protect unopened flower bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serve inattraction of pollinators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of 4 microsporangia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a two- or three-celled male gametophyte produced by mitotic division |
|
|
Term
| What does a mature male gametophyte produce during a later phase of development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a male gametophyte develop in early stage? |
|
Definition
1)Each microspore nucleus undergoes mitosis, forming male gametophyte
2)Generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm cells
3)Tube cell forms pollen tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
|
|
Term
| What is carpel composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One or more carpels form a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments (megasporangium) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the development of the mature gametophyte. |
|
Definition
1)Pollen grains land on stigma
2)Pollen tube grows through micropyle & delivers sperm to female gametophyte
3)Double fertilization |
|
|
Term
| How does pollen grain germinate? |
|
Definition
| By taking up water and producing a pollen tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- One of the 2 sperm cells fertilizes the egg to produce the diploid zygote
- The other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei located in central cell |
|
|
Term
| Where do eudicots and monocots store endosperm? |
|
Definition
eudicots; store nutrients from endosperm in cotyledons (mature seeds contain little to no endosperm)
monocots; considerable endosperm in the mature seed |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main body fluids? |
|
Definition
| Intracellular fluid & Extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| Closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Fluid (blood) pumped within vessel system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients may be used as _________________________ or _________________________. |
|
Definition
chemical building blocks (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleotide)
cofactors/coenzymes (vitamin, mineral nutrients) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 categories of organic food molecules? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins |
|
|
Term
| List the names of inorganic nutrients. |
|
Definition
| Phosphate, potassium, sodium, calcium |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 groups of essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
| amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins |
|
|
Term
| How do carnivores and omnivores obtain essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
| They obtain them in meat. |
|
|
Term
| Where are unsaturated fatty acids found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of micronutrients and macronutrients needed in humans? |
|
Definition
micronutrients ; 1-2mg/day
macronutrients ; 10mg/day |
|
|
Term
| List the names of macronutrients |
|
Definition
| calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc |
|
|
Term
| List the names of micronutrients |
|
Definition
| cobalt, copper, iodine, arsenic, silicon, selenium, manganese, molybdenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue, but water-soluble vitamins are not stored. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of animals can't synthesize vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease caused by vitamin C deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What do vitamins serve as? |
|
Definition
| coenzymes (play essential functions in enzyme catalyzed reactions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)only found in simple invertebrate animals (sponges)
2)tiny bits of food phagocytosed (engulfed)
3)food molecules broken down by enzymes in intracellular compartments (lysosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)occurs in a body cavity, prior to being absorbed into the body and transported
2)enzymes secreted from cells into lumen of body cavity/organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- One opening as entry and exit
- Epithelial lining of the cavity secretes digestive enzymes to break down food |
|
|
Term
| What organisms have gastrovascular cavities? |
|
Definition
cnidarians(hydra, jellyfish, anemones)
platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single elongated tube with entry and exit ends |
|
|
Term
| Why do alimentary canals allow for more complete and efficient digestion and absorption? |
|
Definition
Several regions are specialized for different processes
-Digestion (proteins,fats,carbohydrates)
-Absorption
(nutrients,water) |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in saliva kills ingested bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With what does saliva initiate digestion of polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does pharynx/esophagus play in birds and other vertebrates? |
|
Definition
| Crop for storage and softening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secreted by parietal cells in walls of pits
-kills microbes
-dissolves particulate matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secreted by chief cells in walls of pits
-inactive form converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is food reduced to in stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach muscles; regulate rate of emptying into small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What do herbivore stomachs lack? |
|
Definition
cellulose enzyme
(must depend on microbes to digest cellulose intomonosaccharides) |
|
|
Term
| What is forestomach of ruminant herbivores consisted of? |
|
Definition
Rumen, reticulum, and omasum
(rumen&reticulum-contain cellulose)
(omasum-absorbs some of the water and salts) |
|
|
Term
| What is the true stomach of ruminant herbivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is where nearly all digestion of food, and absorption of food and water occur |
|
Definition
| small intestine (the first quarter of the intestinal length) |
|
|
Term
| Where is digestive enzyme found in small intestine? |
|
Definition
| inner (lumenal) surface or secreted by pancreas into lumen |
|
|
Term
| What's absorbed in small intestine? |
|
Definition
| vitamins, mineral, and water |
|
|
Term
| How is small intestine specialized for increased surface area? |
|
Definition
1)Mucosa (internal surface epithelium) is folded
2)villi (finger-like projection mucosal surface) and microvilli |
|
|
Term
Lacteal (lymphatic vessel)
*villus |
|
Definition
| allows for larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete digestive enzymes (protein,carbohydrate,fat digesting enzymes) and bicarbonate ion rich fluid, releasing into small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutralizes acidic stomach chyme as it enters small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of large intestine? |
|
Definition
| to store and concentrate fecal matter and absorb some salt and water |
|
|
Term
| Which intestine lowers excess blood salts (calcium&ion)? Small or Large? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of large intestine? |
|
Definition
-ascending,transverse,descending
-rectum,anus (terminal portion) |
|
|
Term
| Most lipids are ingested in the form of _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digested proteins are transported into intestinal cells by ________________. |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| What is the major role of bile salts? What secrete bile salts? |
|
Definition
- They emulsify fat into small droplets with increased surface area for digestion
- liver & gall bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down triglycerides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile salts, fatty acids, and monoglycerides |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides and other lipids are assembled into _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do lipids enter into the blood stream? |
|
Definition
| They enter into general blood circulation from lymph fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Nervous tissue is found in all animal phyla except for _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do nervous tissues coordinate and regulate? (list 4) |
|
Definition
1)movement
2)glandular secretions
3)cardiovascular and respiratory system control
4)homeostatic regulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the two cell types that make up nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the nervous system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| Cell body/soma, dendrites, axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains nucleus and many other cellular organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrous extensions of plasma membrane,
transmit incoming electrical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longer fibrous extensions of plasma membrane, send electrical signals propagating outward from cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base of the axon, near cell body |
|
|
Term
| What are the three general types of neurons? |
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detect stimuli from the outside world or internal body conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Send signals away from CNS to elicit response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form interconnections between other neurons |
|
|
Term
| What are afferent and efferent neurons? |
|
Definition
Afferent neurons - transmit signals to CNS
Efferent neurons - send signals away from CNS |
|
|
Term
| ________________ involves all three types of neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four types of glial cells? |
|
Definition
1)Oligodendrocytes
2)Astrocytes
3)Microglia
4)Radial glia |
|
|
Term
| What make up the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| What is membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| Difference in charge inside and outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be electrically "polarized"? |
|
Definition
| Ion concentrations differ between the inside and outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| Resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
| Electrical potential when neurons are not sending signals |
|
|
Term
| Resting potential inside cell = ______mv |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that contribute to resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
1)Na+/K+ -ATPase
2)Negative charged molecules abundant inside cell
3)Ion specific channels allowing passive diffusion of ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determine how ions move across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell membrane potential less negative relative to surrounding environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell membrane potential more negative relative to surrounding environment |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the ion channels when cell membrane potential is depolarized? |
|
Definition
| Gated channels open, allowing Na+ to flow in. Membrane potential becomes more positive |
|
|
Term
| When does K+ move out of the cell in neurons? |
|
Definition
| When cell membrane potential become hyperpolarized. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of ion channels? |
|
Definition
| voltage-gated and ligand-gated |
|
|
Term
| Voltage-gated ion channel |
|
Definition
| open and close in response to voltage changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open and close in response to ligands or chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small amplitude depolarization or hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large-amplitude depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Speed of conduction varies based on ____________ and _______________. |
|
Definition
| axon diameter, myelination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action potential jumps to next node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction where nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell, or gland |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ions freely flow through gap junctions from cell to cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter acts as signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell |
|
|
