Term
| What is the most common form that most nitrogen enter plants as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does nitrate enter plants (typically) in nature? |
|
Definition
-plasma membrane transporter proteins import nitrate into root cells
-nitrate is transported into xylem |
|
|
Term
| Where is nitrate stored at in plants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ways to add new fixed nitrogen to soil/the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
| -Lightening, fire, air pollution, biological fixation, and industrial fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Atmospheric N2 combined with H to give NH3 |
|
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Term
| What do prokaryotes utilize in order to fix nitrogen? |
|
Definition
| -large amounts of ATP and nitrogenase are used by prokaryote in the process |
|
|
Term
| What do symbionts do in the nitrogen cycle? |
|
Definition
| transfer nitrogen directly into plant cells |
|
|
Term
| What adaptations by plants allow for increased nutrient supply? |
|
Definition
-Highly branched roots
-more or longer root hairs
-fungal symbiotic associations
-bacterial symbiotic associations
-capture of animals by carnivorous plants
-parasitic associations |
|
|
Term
| Mycorhizzal Associations with plants |
|
Definition
-in 90% of seed plants
-fungi live within root tissues or envelop root surfaces
-fungi get organic foods from plants, while supplying water and minerals |
|
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Term
| Prokaryote(bacterial) Symbioses with plants |
|
Definition
-provide fixed nitrogen to plants
-some bacterial symbiotes live in plant cells or tissues
-plant provides organic nutrients
-bacteria gives large amounts of fixed nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses (how does it work) |
|
Definition
-certain bacteria live in root cells of legumes
-Rhizobia can live independently but only fix nitrogen when inside root nodules
-nodule formation involves chemical signals between Rhizobia and host plant |
|
|
Term
| What does the root system in plants absorb? |
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Definition
| -water and dissolved minerals from the soil |
|
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Term
| What does the shoot system do with the water and minerals absorbed by roots? |
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Definition
| -uses them with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to produce sugar needed by roots and for plant growth and reproduction |
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Term
| What does xylem transport? |
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Definition
| Water and dissolved minerals |
|
|
Term
| What does phloem transport? |
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Definition
| dissolved organic substances |
|
|
Term
| What are the to types of transport processes in plants? |
|
Definition
-Active Transport
-Passive Transport |
|
|
Term
| What does water content of plants depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-movement of water from high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
-water also follows the concentration of solutes; it moves toward high solute concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells
-cell walls restrict the extent to which the cells can swell |
|
|
Term
| What are the three levels of turgidity in plant cells? |
|
Definition
-turgid cell
-plasmolyzed cell
-flaccid cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -has a cytosol/vacuole that is full of water and causes the plasma membrane to push against the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-has lost so much water that turgor pressure is lost
-the plasma membrane sits very far away from the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the water content in the vacuole is not swollen to the point of squeezing the cell membrane against the cell wall, but the cell is not in a "plasmolyzed" state either |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of tissue-level transport? |
|
Definition
-Transmembrane transport
-Symplastic Transport
-Apoplastic Transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by the import of the same substance by an adjacent cell |
|
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Term
| Which of the 3 tissue level transport systems is used in the transport of AUXIN? (Transmembrane transport, Symplastic Transport, orApoplastic Transport) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via the plasomdesmota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -microscopic channels on the cell walls of plant cells that connect each other |
|
|
Term
| How does transport through plasmodesmota typically occur? |
|
Definition
| -diffusion is the main mode of transport for this tissue-level transport system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-is formed by all of a plant's cells and plasmodesmota
-connected cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-movement of solutes through cell wall material
-occurs in spaces between cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -this is a continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 3 tissue level transport systems is typically associated with SHORT DISTANCE TRANSPORT? (Transmembrane transport, Symplastic Transport, or Apoplastic Transport) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two transport types play essential roles in mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots?(Transmembrane transport, Symplastic Transport, orApoplastic Transport) |
|
Definition
| -Symplastic and Apoplastic play an important role in this |
|
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Term
| Which type of tissue level transport moves soil, water and dissolved minerals non-selectivly through root epidermal and cortex tissues? |
|
Definition
| Apoplastic transport moves these substances non-selectively through these tissue levels |
|
|
Term
| Where does Apoplastic transport stop? |
|
Definition
| -this transport type stops at the root endodermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -barrier between root cortex and central core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-prevents apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues
-only symplastic movement is allowed beyond this |
|
|
Term
| Why does the Casparian strip only allow symplastic transport beyond it? |
|
Definition
| -it only allows symplastic transport beyond it to prevent toxic substances from entering the vascular system, since apoplastic transport is not selective |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the channels on the plasma membrane of the root endodermis? |
|
Definition
| -these specific channels allow for essential minerals to be transported |
|
|
Term
| What are two ways that substances can pass through the root endodermis? |
|
Definition
-beneficial solutes my enter from the symplast
-specific channels in the endodermal cytosol may allow certain molecules to enter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large amounts of water entering the long distance conducting cells of the xylem
-carries solutes along with the water |
|
|
Term
| Do liquids and dissolved solutes move faster by bulk flow or diffusion? |
|
Definition
| -they move faster by bulk flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
|
|
Term
| How does fluid move in Xylem? |
|
Definition
-water flow is driven upwards by transpirational "pull" and root pressure "push"
-pull comes from evaporation at leaves |
|
|
Term
| How does fluid move in Phloem? |
|
Definition
| -movement occurs from regions of high to low solution concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-are alive
-not directly involved in long distance transport |
|
|
Term
| Thick-walled supportive fivers of Xylem |
|
Definition
-may be alive or dead at maturity
-provide structural support |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of specialized water conducting cells of Xylem are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature? |
|
Definition
| -Tracheids, and Vessel Elements |
|
|
Term
| What type of specialized water conducting cells are found in gymnosperm xylem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long and narrow with slanted end walls
-Lignin-containing secondary wall (water-impermeable)
-contain pits |
|
|
Term
| What are "Pits" in Xylem Tracheids? |
|
Definition
| -non-lignified holes that allow for water to flow from one Tracheid to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aligned in pipeline-like files known as vessels
-gives a greater capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants |
|
|
Term
| Does water flow faster through vessels or tracheids? |
|
Definition
| -it flows faster through vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cohesion-tension theory? |
|
Definition
| -plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through Xylem |
|
|
Term
| What forces power Xylem bulk flow that makes it so efficient? |
|
Definition
-adhesion
-water's cohesive properties because of strong hydrogen bonding
-sun's energy indirectly powers transpiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -water sticks to lignified walls of xylem |
|
|
Term
| How does the sun power transpiration? |
|
Definition
-heat from sunlight causes evaporation on leaf surfaces
-tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant's surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil |
|
|
Term
| How do plants adapt to fight transpirational water loss? |
|
Definition
-stomal movements
-leaf abscission(leaf drop) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-guard cells close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis
-blue light allows guard cells to open up by stimulating |
|
|
Term
| Leaf Abscission (Leaf Drop) |
|
Definition
-occurs normally to prevent water stress due to temperature or light changes
-valuable for desert plants and trees in seasonally cold habitats
-ethylene stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area |
|
|
Term
| What is a major distinction between xylem and phloem? |
|
Definition
| -Phloem tissues remain alive and retain some cytoplasmic components |
|
|
Term
| Does Phloem work under positive or negative hydrostatic pressure? |
|
Definition
| -positive, it is different than xylem which is under tension |
|
|
Term
| What is phloem composed of? |
|
Definition
| -supporting fivers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements, and companion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-these elements loose their nucleus and most of the cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow
-companion cells help in transport process by supplying mRNA to sieve type elements |
|
|
Term
| How do companion cells transport proteins to sieve tube elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-companion cells play an essential role in conveying sugars to sieve-tube elements for long distance transport
-sucrose is used for most long distance transport |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of phloem loading? |
|
Definition
-Symplastic
-partly apoplectic and partly transmembrane transport |
|
|
Term
| Symplastic Phloem loading |
|
Definition
-occurs in woody plants that transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf to companion cells and then to sieve tube elements
-does not require ATP, facilitated diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Partly Apoplastic and Partly transmembrane transport |
|
Definition
-loads sugar into sieve tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces
-often moves up concentration gradient by active transport
-ATP must be used to move sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve tube element |
|
|
Term
| What drives phloem transport? |
|
Definition
| -differences in turgor pressure that occur between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
|
|
Term
| Are the locations of source and sink tissues permanent? Explain |
|
Definition
| -No, source and sink tissues may change depending on seasonal cycles |
|
|
Term
| What is the main sugar "source" during the time of the the year when leaves are photosynthesizing? |
|
Definition
| -Photosynthetic leaf mesophyll |
|
|
Term
| What is the main "source" when plants need new growth, leaf formation occurs in the spring? |
|
Definition
| -roots are the main "source" during this time |
|
|
Term
| What locations are "sinks" at different times of the year in plants? |
|
Definition
| -roots, developing leaves, seeds and fruits |
|
|
Term
| Why does phloem flow change with the seasons? |
|
Definition
| -because of changes in source and sink tissues |
|
|
Term
| Who developed the Pressure-flow hypothesis? |
|
Definition
-Ernst Munch
-a German plant physiologist |
|
|
Term
| How does the Pressure-flow hypothesis work? |
|
Definition
-sieve tube elements near source tissues have high solute concentrations from sugars at the source
-water from xylem rushes into sieve tube elements by osmosis and builds up turgor pressure
-vessel elements near sink tissue loose solutes
-water rushes back into xylem because it follows hydrostatic pressure rather than the low solute concentrations |
|
|
Term
| What cycle do plants follow in reproduction? |
|
Definition
| -Alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 multicellular life cycle stages? |
|
Definition
-Diploid, spore producing sporophyte
-Haploid, gamete producing gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| What is the reproductive shoot in flowers? |
|
Definition
| -a stem brach that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves |
|
|
Term
| What are flower organs produced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -function to protect an unopened flower bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -usually serve in attraction of pollinators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes
-vase-shaped structure |
|
|
Term
| What are Pistils composed of? |
|
Definition
| -a single or multiple fused carpels |
|
|
Term
| What are stamens composed of? |
|
Definition
-a filament (small stem-like projection)
-anther on the tip of the filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a group of 4 microsporangia |
|
|
Term
| What happens to Diploid cells in the Anther? |
|
Definition
| -they undergo meiosis producing 4 tiny, haploid spores (microspores) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 cells are enclosed in a pollen grain? |
|
Definition
-tube cell
-generative cell |
|
|
Term
| What does mitotic division of the generative cell in flowers produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe early male gametophyte development in pollen grain for flowering plants. |
|
Definition
-generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm cells
-tube cell will form pollen tube
-pollen wall development |
|
|
Term
| What are Carpels composed of? what do they form? |
|
Definition
-composed of stigma, style and ovary
-the form a pistil |
|
|
Term
| Ovary in flowering plants |
|
Definition
| -produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
|
|
Term
| Ovule in flowering plants |
|
Definition
| -spore producing structure enclosed in integuments (Megasporangium) |
|
|
Term
| What do synergids do for female gametophyte in flowering plant megaspore? |
|
Definition
| -they help provide nutrients to female gametophyte |
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