Term
| Creation Days View: "6 Day" |
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Definition
-young earth, 4-5000 years old
-comes from straight forward reading of Genesis |
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Term
| Creation Days View: "Day-Age" |
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Definition
-not a literal 24 hour day
-days are not literally 24 hours, but could have lasted ages |
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Term
| Creation Days View: "Analogical Days" |
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Definition
-days are God's work days, not our work days
-days do not have a known length, may overlap, or represent logical rather than chronological understanding of God's work |
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Term
| Creation Days View: "Framework" |
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Definition
-similar to analogical day view
-creation day is a poetic metaphor to communicate God's creative work
-length of day is unknown, but time is viewed as unimportant |
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Term
| Name some factors that might contribute to the extinction of a species |
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Definition
| -Climate/Temperature, atmosphere, landmasses, floods, glaciation, volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts |
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Term
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Definition
| landmasses known as continents shift their positions, change shapes, and separate from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| -used to determine the age of fossils by measuring the decay of rocks in the same sedimentary layer as the fossil |
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Term
| What is the general trend of simple and complex organisms in rock strata? |
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Definition
| -simple organisms are in deeper strata, while more complex organisms are in higher strata |
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Term
| What is an issue with Carbon 14 dating of fossils? |
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Definition
| -it assumes that the production of Carbon 14 in the upper atmosphere is constant |
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Term
| What is an issue with Potassium 40 dating of fossils? |
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Definition
-it often requires assumptions about the initial amounts of the isotope that was present in the material
-it assumes that radioactive decay has always been constant |
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Term
| What Eon is attributed with the rise formation of prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organism that gets energy from eating other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that use energy from inorganic molecules, or light |
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Term
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Definition
-abrupt increase in diversity of animal species
-chordates, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and many other distinct animal species arose out of this |
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Term
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Definition
| -a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations |
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Term
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Definition
| -small scale changes of genetic sequences over time |
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Term
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Definition
| -large scale changes resulting in the formation of a new species or group of species |
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Term
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Definition
| -members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other |
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Term
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Definition
| drop of related organisms that share a distinctive form or function |
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Term
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Definition
-British naturalist born in 1809
-developed the theory of evolution and published its ideas in "The Origin of Species" |
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Term
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Definition
-independently developed a theory similar to the theory of evolution
-he presented it along side of Darwin |
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Term
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Definition
| -view from European scholars in the 1600s that involved forming a hypothesis based on observations and set spiritual matters aside |
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Term
| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
-theory developed by Lamarck
-suggested that species evolved in a constant upward direction from dead matter towards human "perfection"
-acquired traits were passed to offspring |
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Term
| How did Thomas Malthus influence Darwin's work? |
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Definition
-Malthus proposed that population will grow, but only a certain percentage will survive (war, famine etc.) and reproduce
-this helped Darwin's ideas about survival of the fittest |
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Term
| What did Darwin's study of finches reveal? |
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Definition
| -the finches developed traits to better cope with their environments |
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Term
| Greek Ideas behind Darwin's work |
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Definition
-Plato's essentialism: there are variations of the ideal form, evolution will not occur in perfectly adapted creatures
-Aristotle- there is an ordered ladder of life, no room for change |
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Term
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Definition
-creator's plan can be understood through nature
-adaptations reveal that creatures were designed for certain purposes
-classification allows for an appreciation of the hierarchal steps on the ladder of life |
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Term
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Definition
-the father of taxonomy
-classified animals in Kingdom,Phylum, Class, Order, etc.
-"God creates, Linneaus arranges" |
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Term
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Definition
| -certain individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce in particular environments, while others are better suited to thrive |
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Term
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Definition
| -evolutionary change in which a population's characteristics change to make its members better equipped to survive |
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Term
| How did Cuvier interpret fossil strata? |
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Definition
-he interpreted it as a record of life's history
-boundaries between fossil strata corresponded to the time of historical, catastrophic events |
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Term
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Definition
-Cuvier's idea that catastrophic events caused mass extinctions
-changes in species from one strata to the next revealed immigration of organisms from other populations |
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Term
| How did James Hutton and Charles Lyell view change in the earth? |
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Definition
-processes occurred over long periods of time
-slow, continuous processes that continue to operate in the world
-for example, the slow erosion that forms canyons
-the suggest an old earth |
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Term
| What is selective breeding? |
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Definition
-involves traits that are transmitted from parents to offspring
-used to modify traits in domesticated species
-influenced Darwin's thinking through pigeon breeders
-made Darwin wonder if "natural forces" could alter species in the same way |
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Term
| What is a transitional form? Give an example |
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Definition
-it is spies that provides a link between earlier species and later species
-the Tikataalik Roseae (fishapod) is an example is an transitional form between fish and tetrapods |
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Term
| What did Darwin discover about plants and animals based on their environments on his trip to South America? |
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Definition
-temperate South American flora and fauna were more similar to tropical South American flora and fauna than they were to those of temperate environments in Europe
-South American species were more like other south american species regardless of environment |
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Term
| Darwin's Descent with Modification |
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Definition
-two separated populations of a species could diverge as they adapt to separate local conditions
-over many generations, divergences could generate a new species |
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Term
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Definition
-natural variation exists that is caused by random changes in the genetic material
-genetic changes may be advantageous, disadvantageous or neutral
-if genetic change promotes an individuals ability to survive or reproduces, then natural selection may increase the occurrence of the trait in future generations |
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Term
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Definition
-fossils show that many changes in organisms suddenly appear
-changes are rarely gradual |
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Term
| What are the suggested sources of rapid rates of evolution? |
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Definition
| -changes in physical or biological environments can create conditions that favor new traits |
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Term
| How frequent are the emergences of novel features in organisms? |
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Definition
-very infrequent
-usually change happens to a pre-existing structure, rather than the sprouting of a new one |
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Term
| What does fossil evidence suggest about Oysters? |
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Definition
-they underwent shell changes
-smaller, curved shells were followed by larger, flatter shells
-this is believed to have occurred due to flatter shells being more stable in disruptive water currents |
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Term
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Definition
| -the study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species |
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Term
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Definition
| -species that are naturally found in a particular location |
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Term
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Definition
| -2 species from different proposed ancestral lineages show similar characteristics and occupy similar environments |
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Term
| Examples of Convergent Evolution |
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Definition
-Giant anteater and echidna both have long snouts and tongues to feed on ants
-aerial rootlets for clinging in english ivy and winter creeper
-overall body forms of dolphins and fish
-antifreeze proteins in very different cold water fish |
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Term
| Analogous Structures/Convergent Traits |
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Definition
| -structures that arise independently in separate species, but are similar because of the environment occupied by the two species |
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Term
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Definition
| -similarities between organisms attributed to common evolutionary ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| -homologous physical structures are structures in different species that are proposed to be derived from a common ancestor |
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Term
| Example of Homologous physical structures |
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Definition
| -same set of bones in the limbs of modern vertebrates proposed to have undergone evolutionary change for different uses |
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Term
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Definition
| -anatomical structures that have barely any or no function, but resemble functional structures of ancestors |
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Term
| Example of Vestigial Structures |
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Definition
-in humans: ear wiggling muscles, tail bone, appendix
-pelvic bones in some snakes and whales |
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Term
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Definition
| -species differ as adults, but share significant similarities during embryonic stages |
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Term
| List some examples of Developmental Homology |
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Definition
-Notochord present in diverse chordate species
-Presence of brachial arches (gill ridges) in human embryos and fish embryos
-teeth in embryonic baleen whales
-human embryo have long bony tails |
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Term
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Definition
| -similarities in biochemical characteristics of cells suggests to some that life forms came from a common ancestor |
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Term
| What are some factors contributing to Molecular Homology? |
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Definition
-all living species use DNA to store information
-certain biochemical pathways are found in all or nearly all species |
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Term
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Definition
-2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene
-considered to possibly reveal molecular details of evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
-2 gene sequences may be similar due to the same ancestral gene, but not identical due to independent accumulation of different mutations over time
-the more time between the common ancestor, the more divergence |
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Term
| What are some difficulties in identifying species? |
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Definition
-a single species may exist in 2 distinct populations that may be thought to be in the slow process of evolving into 2 or more distinct species
-it's hard to come up with a universal definition of species |
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Term
| Morphological species concept |
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Definition
-species are identified by having a unique set of physical traits
-it also includes DNA/protein sequence traits |
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Term
| What are advantages of the Morphological species concept? |
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Definition
-can be applied to all organisms, both asexually and sexually reproducing
-can be applied to extinct organisms |
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Term
| What are drawbacks of the Morphological species concept? |
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Definition
-its hard to determine how many traits to consider
-traits often vary in a continuous way, so where do you draw the line between 2 species
-members of the same species can look very different
-members of a different species can look similar |
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Term
| Biological species concept |
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Definition
-a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
-the species cannot interbreed successfully with members of other species
-defined by reproductive isolation in natural environments |
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Term
| What are 2 issues with the biological species concept? |
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Definition
-it may be difficult to determine if 2 populations are truly reproductively isolated
-it cannot be applied to asexual species, or extinct species |
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Term
| Evolutionary/phylogenetic/cladistic species concept |
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Definition
-a species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
-species are unbranched lines of phylogenetic trees |
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Term
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Definition
| -genetic relationship between an individual or group of individuals and its ancestors |
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Term
| What is a drawback of the Evolutionary/phylogenetic/cladistic species concept? |
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Definition
| -lineages are often difficult to examine and identify |
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Term
| Ecological species concept |
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Definition
-a species is defined by the ecological niche that it inhabits
-unique set of habitat resources that a species requires, along with its influence on the environment and other species makes a species |
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Term
| What is the ecological species concept useful for? |
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Definition
| -it is helpful in identifying asexually reproducing species (like bacteria and protists) |
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Term
| What are drawbacks to the ecological species concept? |
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Definition
-depends on how fully the niche, needs of the organism, are known
-what about convergent evolution? |
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Term
| Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms |
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Definition
-consequence of genetic changes as diverging species/populations adapt to their environments
-prevents exchange of genetic materials |
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Term
| What are the 2 overall categories for Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms? |
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Definition
-Prezygotic Barriers
-Postzygotic Barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| -prevent formation of a zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| -block development of viable, fertile individuals |
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Term
| What are the different types of Prezygotic Barriers? |
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Definition
| -Habitat Isolation, Temporal Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, and Gametic Isolation |
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Term
| What are the different types of Postzygotic Barriers? |
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Definition
| -Hybrid inviability, Hybrid sterility, and Hybrid breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
-prezygotic barrier
-geographic barrier prevents contact |
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Term
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Definition
-prezygotic barrier
-reproduction occurs at different times of the day or year |
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Term
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Definition
-prezygotic barrier
-occurs in species where behavior is important in mate choice
-example: changes in song for song birds |
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Term
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Definition
-prezygotic barrier
-size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating |
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Term
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Definition
-prezygotic barrier
-gametes fail to unite successfully
-important for species that release gametes into the water or air |
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Term
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Definition
-postzygotic barrier
-fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages |
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Term
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Definition
-postzygotic barrier
-interspecies hybrid viable but sterile
-example: mule |
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Term
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Definition
-postzygotic barrier
-hybrids are violable and fertile, but the offspring that they produces have genetic abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
-when some members of a species become geographically separated and then diverge
-proposed to be the most common source of cladogenesis (splitting of lineages) |
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Term
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Definition
| -the splitting of lineages |
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Term
| What is the "Founder Effect" |
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Definition
-a type of allopatric speciation that occurs when a small population moves to a new location that is geographically separated
-genetic drift and natural selection leads to differences |
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Term
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Definition
| -a single species evolves into an array of descendants that differ greatly in habitat, form or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-proposed to occur when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into different species
-it involves abrupt genetic changes that lead to reproductive isolation of a group of individuals |
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Term
| What is an example of Sympatric Speciation? |
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Definition
| -changes in chromosome number in plants |
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Term
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Definition
-non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis; self-fertilization
-tetraploid species formed by crossing diploid species would not produces fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
-results from cross fertilization between to species
-a hybrid is produce that is most often sterile, but can reproduce asexually
-may restore sexual reproduction through subsequent chromosome duplication (producing 2 chromosome of each type) |
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Term
| What type of plants are the most diverse plant division? |
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Definition
-flowering plants are this
-there are more flowering plants than all other plant species combined |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
-a sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase, is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase
-the spores reinitiate the haploid phase |
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Term
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Definition
-produce gametes by mitosis
-microscopic in flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
-produce spores by meiosis
-large, independent, and recognizable in flowering plants |
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Term
| What are general trends in the reproductive development of flowering plants? |
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Definition
-mature flowering plant produces seeds and fruits
-flower tissues enclose and protect the tiny male and female gametophytes
-fruits enclose seeds and function in seed dispersal
-seeds enclose plant embryos |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of seed-to-seed lifetimes? |
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Definition
-annuals
-biennials
-perennials |
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Term
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Definition
| -plants that die after producing seeds doing their first year of life |
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Term
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Definition
| -plants that do not reproduce the first year, but may the following year |
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Term
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Definition
| -plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seeds every year after maturity |
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