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Detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Includes the wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultaviolet, and infrared light.
Also includes electrical and magnectic stimuli. |
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| Photoreceptors detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light sources. Reflects off an object. |
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| Fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of poth a particle and a wave |
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| Use photoreception and light detection called ommatidia. Each light detection unit makes up one facet. Lens and crystallene cone focus light onto rhabdom, a transparent tube. |
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| Surround the rhabdom and serve as photoreceptors in compound eyes |
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| Echinoderm Photoreception |
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| Starfish have eyespots that detect the presence of light. |
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| Formation of high resolution. Found in invertebrates, some mollusk, squid and octopus. Light transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye. |
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| Stong connective tissue sheath |
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Continuous with sclera but thin and clear.
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| Allows for the admission of light to the lens. |
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| Sensitive to low intensity of pupil. It does not discriminate colors. |
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| Require more light for stimulation. Detect colors. There are fewer cones then rods in a human eye. |
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| Vitamin A derivative that aborbs light energy |
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| Part of the visual pigment rhodopsin and is released by the action of light. |
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| Humans have 3 (green, red and blue) |
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Proportional to the intensity of light |
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| Three types of skeleton structures |
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Definition
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton |
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Definition
| Are waters filled cavities surrounded my muscle. The hydrostatic pressure extends parts of the body. |
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| Three animals with a hydrostatic skeleton |
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Definition
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Earthworms |
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| Hard covering of the body. Armor like and usually made of chitin and must be shed in order for the creature to grow. |
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| Do not protect the body surface but only the internal organs and other structures. |
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Definition
Hinge-move on one plane
Pivot- rotational movement
Ball and socket- movement in several planes |
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| Junction of motor neuron's axons and muscle fiber |
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Definition
| A type of striated muscle. |
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Definition
Composed of interdigitating thick and thin filaments.
Thick filaments are made of myosin.
Thin filiments contain actin, troponin, and tropomyosin, |
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| Branch off of axons and have stored vesicles containing neurotransmitters |
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| Flows into muscle cell leading to depolarization and an action potential. |
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| Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
Action potentials transmitted in muscle membrane trigger a rise in cytosolic Ca2+
Triggers contraction
Ion pumps will return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes muscles to relax again
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| Action potential conduction into tubules--->calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum--->calcium binding to troponin--->effects tropmyosin. |
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Definition
Can be both Open and Closed. Transport fluid (blood or hemolymph)
Have blood vessel and one or more pumps (hearts) |
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Found in arthropods and some mullusks
Vessels connected to heart open into the animal's body cavity
Fluid in vessels and interstitial fluid are the same
Exchange by diffusion |
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Term
Closed circulatory systems
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Definition
Blood and intestitial fluid are physically separated, only certain components exchange betweent the two.
High pressure
Remain within blood vessels |
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| Separates atria and ventricles in the heart |
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| Blood flow through the mammalian heart |
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Definition
| Enters from pulmonary veins--->atrum--->atrioventricular valves--->symatic or pulmonary arteries |
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Events that produce a single heartbeat
Consist of two phases- Diastole and systole |
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Atria contract and ventricles fill
Symetic blood pressure is lowest |
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Definition
Ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart
systemic blood pressure is the highest |
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| 4 components of vertebrate blood |
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Definition
Plasma- Water and solutes
Functions in buffering water balance and cell transport. Dissolved proteins, gases, minerals and nutrients
Erythrocytes - Red blood cells
oxygen transport using hemoglobin
Platelets- Blood clots (fibrin precipitation
Leukocytes- White blood cells defend body against infection and disease. |
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Definition
Conduct blood away from the heart
layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue |
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Definition
Branches of arteries
Walls thinner than arteries
Lack thick layer of connective tissue
Have smooth muscles encircling
Can dialate or constrict to control blood distribution in tissues |
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Definition
Smallest and narrowest, thinnest walled vessels in the body
Site of gas, nutient and waste exchange
Single celled endothelium layer on a basement membrane
Drain into venules ---> the starting point where blood goes back to the heart
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| Capillary pressure does what to the blood? |
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Definition
Forces some fluid out of the blood
-Between cells
-Small pores
-Fenestrations
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| Hydrostatice Pressure in capillaries |
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Definition
Decreases along the capillary bed
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Definition
| Creates an osmotic force that draws fluid back into the blood. |
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Definition
| Collects fluid that is not captured and they return it to the blood. |
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| Capillaries come together to drain into venules. They have thinner walls, |
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Definition
Are thinnner and less elastic than the arteries are.
Need help returning blood to the heart
Smooth muscle contractions help to propel the blood
Squeezed by skeletal muscles
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The Adaptive Capabilities of the Vascular System
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Definition
Must adapt to changing conditions
(Sleep, feeding, sudden activity)
The blood can be routed to different areas in their need of oxygen
Can be controlled by vasodilation/vasconstriction
Precapillary sphincters |
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Definition
Actual breathing.
Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and the blood. |
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| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells. |
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Definition
21%- Oxygen
78%-Nitrogen
1%- Carbon dioxide and other gases. |
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| Pressure exerted by the atmosphere on an animals body surface |
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| Atmospheric pressure does what at higher elevations |
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Definition
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Determined by the proportion of a particular gas in the atmosphere
Po2=0.21x760mmHg=160mmHg
Dissolves gases
Rate and direction of gas diffusion into or out of blood |
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| What do gases dissolve into |
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Definition
Fresh Water
Sea Water
Body Fluids
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| Gasses dissolve poorly into |
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Definition
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| Factors that influence gases solubility in water |
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Definition
Higher Pressure- Results in more gas in solution up to a limit for each gas
Cold Water- holds more gas than warm water
The pressents of other solutes deceases the amount of gas that dissolves |
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| Respiratory Organs Common Features |
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Definition
Moist surfaces for gases to dissolve and diffuse
Structured to provide large surface area for gas exchange
Extensive blood supply
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| Three Types of Gas Exchange Surfaces |
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Definition
Water
Respiratory Membranes
Osmotic Movement |
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Term
Invertebrates with few cell layers use what
for gas exchange
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Definition
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| Large organisms body surfaces are what to gases |
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Definition
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| Three examples of specialized exchange surfaces |
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Definition
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Definition
Vertebrate and Invertebrate.
Have wide projections
Branching
May be found on one body area or many
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Drawbacks of External Gills
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Definition
Unprotected
Subject to damage
May attract predators |
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Definition
| Main support of internal gill structure |
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Definition
| Brach off of gill arches in interanl gills |
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Definition
| Branch of of the filament in internal gills |
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| Oxygen poor blood travels through the ___ vessel |
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Definition
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| Oxygen rich blood travels through the ____ vessel |
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Definition
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| Blood in capilaries flows in the ___ direction as _____flow allows for more efficient gas exchange |
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Definition
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Definition
| On the body of insect tracheae |
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| Draws air into and out of the tracheae |
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Definition
Lungs that may be filled with positve or negitive pressure
Ventilated using tidal or flow through systems
Arachnids have book lungs that resemble gills
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| Warms and humidifies the air. |
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| Mucus in the respiratory system |
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Definition
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Definition
is a hollow tube about 5 inches long
Starts behind nose and ends at the top of the tracheae and esophagus |
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| The Glottis is the opening to the |
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Definition
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| Trachea branches in to ____ |
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Definition
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Definition
| Surrounded by muscle to dilate or constrict the passage |
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Definition
Small site of gas exchange
One cell inch walls
Inner surface coated with extracellular fluid
Surface tension |
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| The importance of water in the mammalian respiratory system |
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Definition
Portion of an animals body mass
Solvent for chemical reaction
Transport vehicle |
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| The circulatory system and regulation of body temperature can be compromised by |
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Definition
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Definition
Are Ions
Salts dissociate in solution and are charged ions
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| Osmosis is an ____ and can alter _____ |
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Definition
| Imbalance, membrane potential |
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Definition
| Vital processes that alter salt and water balance. |
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| Five Obligatory Exchanges |
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Definition
Breathing
Cellular Respiration
Temperature regulation
Elimination of wastes
Food intake |
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Definition
Animal excretory system found in platyhelminthes
Simplest filtration mechanism
Branching tubules
Filters fluids from body cavity
Emptied in an opening in body wall. |
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| Excretory system that uses the beating of ciliated cells |
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Definition
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| Helps rid the body organs of excess water in platyhelminthes |
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Excretory system found in annelids
Funnel-like structure called nephrostome
Collects coelmic fluid that contains nitrogenous wastes
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