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Definition
Export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell (ex: movement of auxin) |
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Definition
Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata |
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Definition
Microscopic channels which transverse the cell walls of plant cells |
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Definition
Formed by all of a plant's cells and plasmodesmata; connected cytoplasm |
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Definition
Movement of solutes through cell wall material spaces between cells Short distance transport |
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Definition
Continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
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Definition
Prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues Only allow symplastic movements |
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Definition
Large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
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Definition
Mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
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Term
Movement of fluid in xylem and phloem |
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Definition
Xylem water flow driven upward by transpiration "pull" and root pressure "push" Movement of phloem occurs from regions of high to low solute concentration |
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Definition
Alive, not directly involved in long-distance transport |
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Term
Tracheids and vessel elements |
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Definition
Specialized water-conducting cells that are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature |
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Definition
Long, narrow cells with slanted cell walls |
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Definition
Aligned in pipeline-like files known as vessels Give greater capacity for bulk flow in flowering plants Water moves faster through them than tracheids |
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Term
Use of water in photosynthesis |
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Definition
Formation of reduced carbon compounds |
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Definition
Leaf drop; occurs to prevent water stress Particularly valuable adaptation for desert plants/angiosperm trees |
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Term
Symplastic phloem loading |
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Definition
Many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf to companion cells and then to sieve-tube elements Does not require ATP; facilitated diffusion |
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Term
Partial apoplastic phloem loading |
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Definition
Load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport ATP must be used to move sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
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Definition
Tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Definition
Tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
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Definition
Bulk transportation from source to sink tissue |
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Term
Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte |
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Definition
Produces spores by meiosis |
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Term
Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte |
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Definition
Produces gametes by mitosis |
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Definition
Often function to protect unopened flower bud |
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Definition
Usually serve in the attraction of pollinators |
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Definition
Produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
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Definition
Composed of single or multiple fused carpels Produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophyte and mature male gametophyte |
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Definition
At the time of dispersal, a two- or three-celled male gametophyte produced by mitotic division (enclosed in a pollen grain) |
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Definition
Within ovule, four produced by diploid cell through meiosis (three die) Surviving megaspore generates female gametophyte by mitosis |
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Definition
Divides to produce 2 sperm cells |
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Definition
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Definition
Produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
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Definition
Spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments |
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Definition
The development of single celled zygotes by mitosis |
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Term
All animals share similarities: |
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Definition
1. Exchange materials with their surroundings 2. Obtain energy from organic nutrients 3. Synthesize complex molecules 4. Duplicate themselves (reproduce) 5. Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment |
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Term
What is unique/distinct about animals in comparison to plants? |
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Definition
1. No cell wall (impacts on developmental events, tissue/organ structure) 2. No photosynthesis--acquisition of organic nutrients 3. Rapid, coordinated movements used in pursuit of food, or avoidance of predators |
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Definition
Attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control |
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Definition
Surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control |
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Definition
Only found in the heart, involuntary control |
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Term
Four types of animal tissues |
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Definition
1. Muscle 2. Nervous 3. Epithelial 4. Connective |
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Definition
Initiates and conducts electrical signals from one part of the animal's body to another |
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Definition
Cells specialized to contract |
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Term
Three types of muscle tissue in higher animals |
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Definition
1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac |
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Definition
Sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs and line the walls of body cavities Specialized to protect, provide selective permeability, secrete or absorb materials |
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Definition
Includes blood, adipose (fat), blood, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissues Provides scaffold for attachment, protects and cushions, provides mechanical strength, and transmits mechanical forces |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function(s) |
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Term
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Definition
Different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions |
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Term
Two main types of body fluids |
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Definition
Intracellular fluid-inside cells Extracellular fluid-outside cells |
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Term
Closed circulatory systems |
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Definition
Fluid (blood) is pumped, and kept to a certain extent, within vessel system Plasma-fluid portion of blood Blood cells suspended in plasma Interstitial fluid-fluid between cells outside vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid Typically no blood cells |
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Definition
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Definition
Consume animal flesh or fluids |
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Definition
Eat both plant and animal material |
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Term
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Definition
Any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction Must be taken into the body or absorbed, may need to be digested |
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Term
Five categories of organic food molecules for complete nutrition |
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Definition
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
8 required by many animals (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) Cannot be synthesized by animal's own cells, are not stored |
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Term
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Definition
Needed for building fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Simple example of extracellular digestion One opening is entry and exit Epithelial lining secretes digestive enzymes-breaks down food into smaller particles or molecules, digestion of particles completed intracellularly |
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Term
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Definition
Single elongated tube with entry and exit ends Muscular action propels food in one direction through the system Lined by epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes and hormones |
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Definition
Cells in the nervous system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Relatively short, fibrous (often multiple) extensions of the plasma membrane May be single or branching Transmit incoming electrical signals (propagating toward cell body) |
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Definition
Longer fibrous extensions of the plasma membrane Typically single, but can branch Send electrical signals propagating outward from cell body Terminal branches or nerve terminal at far end, axon hillock (base near cell body) at cell body |
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Term
Three general types of neurons |
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Definition
Sensory, motor, interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
Detect stimuli from the outside world or internal body conditions Act as sensory receptors or interact with sensory receptors Afferent neurons-in vertebrates, transmit signals to the central nervous system (CNS, brain and spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
In vertebrates, send signals away from CNS (efferent neurons) to elicit response (muscle contraction or glandular secretion) |
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Term
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Definition
Form interconnections between other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Involves all three types of neurons; stimulus from sensory neurons sent to CNS, little or no interpretation, signal transmitted to motor neurons to elicit response |
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Term
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Definition
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia, radial glia |
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Term
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Definition
Glial cells that provide metabolic support and protection |
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Definition
Glial cells that remove cellular debris |
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Term
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Definition
Glial cells that form tracks for neuronal migration in embryos |
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Term
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Definition
Cell membrane potential becomes less negative, inside of cell less negative relative to surrounding environment Typically in neurons, gated channels open allowing Na+ to flow in and membrane potential becomes more positive |
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Term
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Definition
Cell membrane more polarized, cytoplasm of cell becomes more negative relative to surrounding environment In neurons, can occur if K+ moves out of the cell, making the interior of the cell less positive |
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Term
Voltage-gated ion channels |
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Definition
Open and close in response to voltage changes |
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Term
Ligand-gated ion channels |
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Definition
Open and close in response to ligands (chemicals that bind to proteins) or chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
Small amplitude depolarized or hyperpolarization Amplitude varies incrementally depending on strength of stimulus Occur locally, spread across a short distance and die out |
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Term
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Definition
Always the same, large-amplitude depolarization (cell membrane becomes positive) All-or-none, either triggered or not Actively propagated outward from initial location, "regenerative" (an action potential in one area of the membrane can invoke an action potential in an adjacent area) |
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Term
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Definition
Junction where nerve terminal meets a neuron, a muscle cell, or gland |
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Term
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Definition
Ions flow freely through gap junctions from cell to cell; direct connection between pre- and postsynaptic cells |
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Term
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Definition
Neurotransmitter acts as a signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell |
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Term
Ionotropic post-synaptic receptors |
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Definition
Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to neurotransmitter |
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Term
Metabolic post-synaptic receptors |
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Definition
G-protein coupled receptors initiate changes in postsynaptic cell |
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Term
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
Brings membrane closer to threshold potential (opening of ligand-gated sodium channels) |
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Term
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
Takes membrane farther from threshold potential (hyperpolarization, opening of ligand-gated potassium channels) |
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Term
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Definition
Nerve net, simplest nervous system-neurons connect to each other in a loose network |
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Term
Echinoderm nervous system |
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Definition
Nerve ring around the mouth connected to larger radial nerves extending to arms |
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Term
Platyhelminthes nervous system |
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Definition
Dual nerve cords extend length of animal, connected by transverse nerves; two anterior ganglia (clusters of nerves); perform basic integration functions |
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Term
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Definition
Same general plan as planarians; more neurons, "integrative center" in anterior, ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each segment |
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Term
Simple mollusk nervous system |
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Definition
Similar to annelids, two paired nerve cords with several paired ganglia |
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Term
Advanced mollusk nervous system |
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Definition
Cerebral ganglion highly developed |
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Term
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Definition
Brain has several subdivisions with separate functions |
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Term
Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
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Term
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
Neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheral nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
Cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function |
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Term
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Definition
Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS (Cranial nerves are connected directly to the brain, spinal nerves run from various locations in the body to the spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
Incoming stimuli (chemical or physical from an animal's body or external environment)are converted into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
Conscious awareness of sensations Not all sensations are consciously perceived by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
Recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells (either neurons or specialized epithelial cells) |
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