Term
| Multi-Intervention Theory > Target: The Individual |
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Definition
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Term
| Multi-Intervention Theory > Target: The environment |
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Definition
| Primary group, Associational group, Institutional Community |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Target: Primary Group |
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Definition
| Within immediate range of the client. Has direct impact on client (ie: parents, siblings, teachers, friends) |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory>
Target: Associational group |
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Definition
| Groups that the client is associated with (ie: school, work, neighborhood, religious community) |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory>
Target: Institutional group |
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Definition
| Has an indirect impact on client (ie: government, media, laws, culture) |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Bronfenbrenner's Model: Components |
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Definition
| The individual, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Bronfenbrenner's Model:
3 things to consider when using the ecological model with clients |
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Definition
1) Consider the various systematic levels. The individual and beyond
2) The systematic levels impacts where to focus the intervention
3) Consider viewing more than the private/personal, and also the public levels |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Purpose:
Three types of purposes |
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Definition
1) Remedial
2) Prevention
3) Promotion |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Purpose:
Remedial |
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Definition
| A known problem to intervene. Reactive in nature. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Purpose:
Prevention |
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Definition
| Anticipated future problem and take steps to avoid it. Result of predicting and providing. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Purpose:
Prevention - How best to identify, predict |
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Definition
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Purpose:
Prevention - important considerations
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Definition
1) Consider the developmental level
2) Consider how it can fit into everyday life or an ordinary activity
3) Consider how it can build across lifespan |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Purpose:
Promotion |
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Definition
Designed to enhance function and developmental potential of healthy individuals, promoting positive growth (ie: Listening skills to students).
Not problem-oriented or preventive |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method |
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Definition
| How the intervention is made. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method: foundational factors |
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Definition
| Providing connections and causes for intervention. Methods must be effective and efficient. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method: 3 types |
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Definition
1) Direct Interventions
2) Training and consultation
3) Media |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method: Direct Services |
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Definition
| Go straight to the source (ie: individual, student & parent, family, group). Consider timeframe: short-term, long-term. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method: Training & consultation |
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Definition
| Training professionals or paraprofessionals (ie: teachers). Impacts target indirectly but effects larger number. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method: Media |
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Definition
| Billboards, radio/tv commercial public service announcement, articles, websites. Useful for all purposes: remedial, preventive, or promotion. |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
Method: Media
Pros & Cons |
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Definition
Pros: access, wide-reaching
Cons: impersonalized, assumed access |
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Term
Multi-Intervention Theory >
What we need to keep in mind for all interventions (REEM) |
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Definition
Realistic
Efficient
Effective
Multi-level |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Why is it important? |
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Definition
Without grounded theories, no clear direction. Like flying without a map or navigation tools.
"Theory is a bridge between research and practice." |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Most common Theoretical Orientations |
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Definition
1) Cognitive-Behavioral
2) Psychodynamic
3) Humanistic |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Things to keep in mind |
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Definition
| Each theory comes with some biases and assumptions. Sociocultural interaction effects theories. Zeitgeist influences theories. |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Examples of Sociocultural Identities |
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Definition
| Race, ethnicity, social class, gender, age, health, geographic location, sexuality, etc. |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Things to consider with Sociocultural interaction |
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Definition
| Identifying if the focus is on the individual, a community, or both. Judging what is normal can vary by culture. |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
How does Zeitgeist influence psychological theories? |
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Definition
| The spirit of the times means that theories may change or evolve depending on the general intellectual, ethical, cultural, or political climate of an era amongst groups or nations. |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Theory of Personality |
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Definition
1) There are basic concepts about the theory of a person.
2) There is a picture of what a healthy, well-adjusted person is
3) There is a view of how problems develop and are resolved |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Role of the client |
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Definition
| Active, passive, receiver |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Things to consider |
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Definition
How much the the theory encourage or discourage cognition, behavior, affect?
Where is the theoretical orientations emphasis? |
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Term
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Definition
Founder: Sigmund Freud
Problems are a result of inner mental conflicts (ie: repressed memories, unconscious desires).
Goal is to make these conflicts conscious. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Structure of personality |
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Definition
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Structure of Personality: Id |
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Definition
| The demanding child; ruled by pleasure principle |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Structure of Personality: Superego |
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Definition
| The judge; moral principle |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Structure of Personality: Ego |
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Definition
| Traffic cop; reality principle |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Theory >
Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
| Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Theory >
Levels of Consciousness |
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Definition
| Pre-conscious, Conscious, Unconscious mind |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Theory >
Pre-conscious mind |
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Definition
| Not aware of material, but retrievable (ie: what you heard on the radio this morning) |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Theory >
Conscious mind |
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Definition
| What you are thinking right now; current awareness |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Theory >
Unconscious mind |
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Definition
| Repressed contents of the mind; Not aware of material; retrievable through free association, slips of the tongue, projective techniques |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Counselor's role |
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Definition
| Address client's underlying fears, positive/negative motives and defense mechanisms. Assume client is not aware of these. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Counselor's role in curing inner mental conflicts |
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Definition
| Make inferences about client's unconscious conflicts. Once client experiences these conflicts consciously, they can modify them with help of counselor's insight. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Transferance |
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Definition
Client reacts to counselor as he/she did in previous experience. Client's unconscious thoughts about a person is directed towards counselor.
Allows client to achieve insight into feelings of the past |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Countertransferance |
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Definition
| Counselor's unconscious reaction towards a client; may interfere with objectivity |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Normal behaviors that operate on an unconscious level; Tend to distort reality; Helps individual cope with anxiety; Beneficial unless it becomes a constant way of facing reality |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Repression |
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Definition
| Primary defense mechanism; Unconscious process of preventing unacceptable feelings from coming into conscious; Remember positive aspects of memory, but repress the unpleasant. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanism: Denial |
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Definition
| Unconscious process of preventing unacceptable feelings from coming into conscious awareness |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Reaction Formation |
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Definition
| To do the opposite of your impulse |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Projection |
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Definition
| To make an impulse external |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Compartmentalization |
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Definition
| Separating parts of self from awareness (good side from the bad side). Justifying the difference (ie: cheating taxes and being a religious leader). |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Compensation |
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Definition
| Counterbalancing perceived weakness by emphasizing strengths; Napoleonic complex |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Intellectualization |
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Definition
| Rationalize emotional reaction process abstractly. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanism: Displacement |
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Definition
| To channel impulse to a non-threatening target |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanism: Sublimination |
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Definition
| To channel impulse into a social accepted activity |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Other Ego Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Blaming, Minimizing, Isolating |
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Term
Psychoanalysis >
Ego Defense Mechanisms: Resistance |
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Definition
To avoid or prevent material from coming to the forefront when anxiety is caused.
Interferes with ability to accept changes in life that could lead to more satisfying life. |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Techniques >
Dream analysis |
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Definition
| Used to bring unconscious material to here and now |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Techniques >
Free Association |
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Definition
| Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings |
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Term
Psychoanalytical Techniques >
Interpretation |
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Definition
| Counselor points out, teaches, and explains meanings of whatever is revealed (ie: slips of the tongue). |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Non-Freudian Theorists: Alfred Adler |
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Definition
| Suggested importance of childhood social tension |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Non-Freudian Theorists: Karen Horney |
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Definition
| Sought to balance Freud's masculine biases |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Non-Freudian Theorists: Carl Jung |
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Definition
| This person emphasized the collective unconscious; Concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
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Term
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Definition
Founder: Carl Rogers
Goal: Help person take control of own life
Client-centered therapy |
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Term
Person-Centered Theory >
Zeitgeist influence |
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Definition
| Emphasis on insight of client rather than therapist. Unlike psychoanalytical theory. |
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Term
Person-Centered Theory >
Foundational Principles |
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Definition
1) A humanistic theory: emphasis on one's own inner potential for positive growth.
2) Focus on respect and trust for client.
3) Society imposes conditions of worth via conditional positive regard which influences one's self-concept |
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Term
Person-Centered Theory >
Phenomenological Perspective |
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Definition
| To understand one's thoughts and behaviors, you must understand their subjective universe (ie: one's unique experiences and how they construe it). |
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Term
Person-Centered Theory >
Psychological distress arises due to... |
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Definition
Conflict between a person's inner potential and their self-concept of it which has been influenced by conditional positive regard.
Problems arise due to denial of own feelings and distrust of ability to make own decisions. |
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Term
Person-Centered Theory >
Therapeutic relationship needs: |
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Definition
1) Unconditional positive regard
2) Empathic listening
3) Genuineness |
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Term
Person-Centered Therapy >
Goals: |
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Definition
1) Increase client dependence
2) Focus on person not problem
3) Create conditions necessary for positive growth
4) Develop openness to new experiences, trust in one's self, willingness to grow |
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Term
Person-Centered Therapy >
Role of the Counselor |
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Definition
1) Relationship is characterized by equality
2) Diagnosis not necessary
3) Act as sounding board and set stage for client to achieve positive growth |
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Term
Person-Centered Therapy >
Techniques |
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Definition
| Listening, empathizing, understanding, reflecting on clients words; the best source of knowledge about the client is the client. |
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Term
Person-Centered Theory >
Limitations |
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Definition
Some people need more structure and direction.
So supportive, fail to challenge client making change difficult.
Limits counselor's behavior.
Not suitable for all cultures. |
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Term
| Difference between Person-Centered Theory and Psychoanalytical Theory |
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Definition
Both theories make clients more aware of their inner feelings.
Unlike, psychoanalytical theory, person-centered theory views inner feelings and desires as positive and life promoting. |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior is shaped by environment.
Focus on measurable and observable behavior and stimuli |
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Term
Behavioral Therapy >
Exposure Treatment |
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Definition
Often used for phobias.
Systematic desensitization: train client in muscle relaxation while combing imagery of feared object. Use increasingly frightening images until desensitized (ie: Flooding). |
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Term
Behavioral Techniques >
Aversion Treatment |
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Definition
| Used to stop bad habits. Use of operant conditional principles: something that makes bad habit undesirable (ie: antabuse). |
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Term
| Other Behavioral Therapy techniques |
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Definition
Token economies - exchange system.
Contingency contracts - formal written contracts.
Social skills/assertiveness training.
Modeling adaptive behaviors to client. |
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Term
Behavioral Therapies >
Limitations |
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Definition
| Not very effective in addressing emotions and personal growth. |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Three types |
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Definition
1) Cognitive Therapy
2) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
3) Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Foundational principles: |
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Definition
1) People disturb themselves with their own thoughts
2) Goal is to identify maladaptive ways of thinking and replace them with adaptive ways of thinking |
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Term
Cognitive Therapies >
Foundational Principles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process of thinking perceiving, judging, and recognizing |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
What is a Schema? |
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Definition
A mental representation of underlying assumptions that influence the way a person interprets stimuli.
This mental set is influenced by personal experiences, values, and perceived capabilities. |
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Term
| The difference between Person-Centered and Cognitive Theories |
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Definition
Both focus on conscious mental experience.
One theory is problem centered while the other is client centered. One more directive than other. |
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Term
Cognitive Therapies >
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) |
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Definition
Founder: Albert Ellis
Negative emotions arise from people's irrational interpretations of experiences. Unpleasant emotional response arise from thoughts rather than events. |
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Term
Cognitive Therapies >
Rational Emotive Therapy: Musterbations |
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Definition
| Irrational belief that you must or should do something. |
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Term
Cognitive Theory >
Rational Emotive Therapy: Awfulizing |
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Definition
| Mental exaggeration of setbacks. |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Rational Emotive Therapy: ABC Theory of Emotions |
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Definition
A) Acitivating event in environment
B) Belief triggered in mind by event
C) Emotional consequence of belief |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Rational Emotive Therapy >
2 most common irrational beliefs |
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Definition
1) I must be outstandingly competent or I'm worthless
2) Others must treat me considerably, or they are rotten
3) The world should always give me happiness or I'll never be happy |
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Term
Cognitive Theory >
Rational Emotive Therapy:
Techniques |
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Definition
1) Therapist uses skills to refute irrational thoughts and teach client to do so:
Is there any evidence of this belief?
What is the worst thing that can happen if you give up this belief?
What is the best thing that could happen? |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
Founder: Aaron Beck
It is not the events that disturb us but what we think about those events |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Automatic Thoughts |
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Definition
| Rigid, inflexible, distorted interpretations of events that seem to happen by reflex. |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Faulty thinking |
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Definition
| The process of overestimating the significance of events (ie: client goes for bike ride and experiences shortness of breath. then assumes they are in terrible health and are going to die). |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Types of faulty thinking |
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Definition
| selective abstraction, overgeneralization, personalization, polarized thinking |
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Term
Cognitive Therapy >
Faulty thinking: Personalization |
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Definition
| Relating external events with one another when they have no objective connection (ie: student raises hand and is not called on by teacher. student thinks the teacher hates him). |
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Term
Cognitive Theory >
Faulty thinking: Polarized thinking |
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Definition
| An all or nothing, good or bad approach to viewing the world. |
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Term
Cognitive Theory >
Irrational Cognitive Process and Rational Intervention |
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Definition
Irrational Cognitive Process:
A) Activating event
B) Belief caused by event
C) Consequences of belief
Rational Intervention:
D) Disputing intervention
E) New effective philosophy
F) New feelings |
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Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy >
Common uses: |
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Definition
| Used for treatment of depression; depressed people often distort experiences and maintain negative views; minimize positive. |
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Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy >
Limitations |
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Definition
| Sometimes miss influence or context |
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Term
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Definition
Equality, self-nurturance, value diversity and differences, balancing independence, and intradependence.
Focus on individual strengths rather than limitations.
Client is expert on his/her own life. |
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Term
Feminist Theory >
Technique: Gender-role analysis |
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Definition
| Assist client in understanding impact of gender-role expectations in their lives. |
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Term
Feminist Theory >
Techniques: Power analysis |
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Definition
| Emphasis on the power differences between men and women in society. Clients helped to recognize different types of power they posses. |
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Term
Feminist Therapy >
Techniques: Reframing |
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Definition
| Changes frame of reference for looking at an individual's behavior or situation. Definition of clients problem is changed from intrapersonal to interpersonal. |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Integration |
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Definition
| Combining two or more theories (ie: cognitive-behavioral) |
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Term
Counseling Theory >
Eclecticism |
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Definition
| Use of techniques from two or more theories |
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