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Definition
| Foundation of humanistic existential therapy that is the study of human consciousness; focuses on subjective, inner reality |
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| Foundation of humanistic existential therapy in which all people tend naturally toward positive growth |
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| Foundation of humanistic existential therapy that means life is inherently meaningless/neutral until a person creates meaning |
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| three types of Humanistic Existential Therapies |
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Definition
Person-centered (rogerian)
existential
Gestalt |
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| person-centered (Rogerian) therapy |
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Definition
| asserts that 3 conditions promote client change: empathy, counselor genuineness, and unconditional regard |
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| helps client deal with existential issues (e.g human separation from others, death, loss, and existential anxiety) |
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| people must be understood holistically and contextually |
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| coined "Gestalt" meaning 'whole' or 'form', more than just sum of parts |
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| concerned w/ how brain organizes incoming sensory info to find/create wholeness, coherence, & patterns (e.g grouping rules, figure-ground) |
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| part of Gestalt therapy that is the awareness of here and now and accepting responsibility of oneself |
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psych problems arise when person avoids direct contact w/ parts of self
-people can deal w/ their problems if they become aware of what's happening within oneself and outside oneself |
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Definition
| help clients achieve greater sense of wholeness, awareness, and aliveness |
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| Perl's 5 part process: Layers of neurosis |
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Definition
1. phony layer: person lives according to 'shoulds' and habit, living an inauthentic life
2. phobic layer: person begins to become worried/fearful that something is amiss
3. impasse layer: feeling stuck, not knowing which way to go and thus more open to seeking help
4. implosive layer: person feels empty/lost inside
5. explosive layer: person lets go of old pretenses, releasing burst of new energy for authentic action |
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Definition
| part of case conceptualization in which "everything affects everything else in field" |
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| part of case conceptualization that requires investigation of ever-fluctuating dynamics of field (how does each part affect others) and invites NON-DICHOTOMOUS thinking: here& now, your experience |
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Term
Polarities and disowned parts
-How does this happen and how does change occur? |
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Definition
part of case conceptualization which gestalt counselors view ppl as never-ending sequence of complementary parts
e.g topdog/underdog: splot in individual's personality-->what ppl should do vs what they want to do
-rigidly polarized person has disowned the opposite quality
-change happens when a person can re-integrate a disowned part of self back into mix of ID |
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| Paradoxical theory of change |
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Definition
Gestalt concept in which the more one tries to change (and be who one is not) the more one stays the same
(like chinese finger cuffs!) |
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Definition
| accept that what is "is" and make peace w/ who one is |
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| Therapeutic relationship in Gestalt |
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Definition
therapist share thoughts, perceptions, & feelings as they occur in session to awaken clients' authentic self
-willing to model for imperfection and DOESNT hide behind professional veneer |
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Term
Unfinished business
what form does it take? |
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Definition
any incompletely expressed/non-expressed feeling
-most often takes form of resentment
-can also be rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, guilt, grief |
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Term
| Gestalt experiment: empty & 2-chair technique |
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Definition
| client speaks to empty chair as if it is another person/part of client [disowned polarity]; may turn around and respond from empty chair |
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| Purpose of empty& 2-chair technique |
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Definition
Gestalt opportunity to experiment w/ authentic expression in safe context (reflecting/coming to terms)
-NOT to vent feelings or rehearse confrontation |
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Definition
Part of gestalt therapy in which every emotion has phys component (knot in stomach)
-repressed/suppressed emotions are expressed in body (posture, fidgeting, voice tone)
-body awareness exercises help clients ID and more effectively manage crisis
e.g where do you feel depression in your body/exaggerate movement |
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Term
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Definition
Gestalt therapy that differs from dream interpretation bc counselor doesn't know interpretation of dream better than client.
-dreams are attempts to integrate parts of self
-explore what characters and parts of self may represent: neglected/emphasized in persons life |
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| Semantics and language modificantion |
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Definition
direct clients to modify their language to highlight their autonomy choice, & responsibility
1. change questions to statements
2. use I statements
3. use "choose" vs cant
4. avoid 'but' statements, use "and" |
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Term
| contributions of Gestalt psych |
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Definition
| Its focus on an indivs subjective experience allows it to be easily adapted to divers pt. populations |
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Term
| criticisms of Gestalt Psych |
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Definition
-little research has been conducted on process/outcomes of gestalt counseling
Exception: empty/2 chair technique
-clients who are emotionally reserved may find emphasis on feelings off-putting
-may not be useful for clients w/ no imagination/abstraction |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
bottom: 1. physiological needs
2. safety and security (health, employment, property, stability)
3. love and belongings (friends & fam, sense of connection)
4. Self-Esteem (confidence, achievement, respect, uniqueness)
Top: Self-actualization(morality, creativity, acceptance, purpose, potential) |
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Term
| PCT vs. psychoanalytic therapy |
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Definition
Humanistic: promote growth, take responsibility for actions; therapist provides an environment for growth; involves conscious feelings about self and ideal self; focus on present & future
-psychoanalytic is curing mental illness, bring unconscious to conscious; therapist provides interpretations; focus on past |
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Term
| What does Person Centered Theory go against? |
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Definition
Reaction against directive and psychoanalytic approaches
- assumption that counselor knows best
-validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosing, interpretation
-focus on problems over person |
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Term
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Definition
founder of PCT. First researcher to record counseling sessions
-Natalie Rogers- applied her fathers ideas in art and expressive therapies |
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Term
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Definition
-nondirective therapy (client determines goals)
-process-oriented approach (greater att'n to inner processes more than "what" happens
-underlying premises: people are inherently good; innate need to grow and develop; they have ability to solve their own problems |
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Term
| 3 core conditions for change of PCT |
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Definition
1. counselor congruence/genuineness
2. unconditional positive regard
3. accurate empathetic understanding of client |
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Term
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Definition
increase ability to ID emotions in moment
-increase sense of responsibility for own problems and their solution
-increase sense of agency and proactive bx in work life
-decrease facades in relationship to increase intimacy
-increase frequency of peak experience and flowing work life
-increase setting realistic expectations for self and others to increase acceptance
-increase trust and evolving and changing nature of self |
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Definition
"becoming that self which one truly is by living authentic and meaningful life and living one's full potential.
-symptoms are expected to resolve greater self-actualization |
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Definition
-reassuring cliche's
-give advice
-disagree with client
-express disapproval
-request explanation
-agree w/ client
-give approval
(be non-judgmental) |
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Term
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Definition
-strong research support for importance of empathy, pos regard, and congruence
-its focus on indiv subjective experiences allows it to be easily adapted to diverse pt. populations |
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Definition
1. non directive approach may be poor match for clients who want structured approach and who aren't able to find their own answers
2. w/ out use of specific techniques, it's difficult to standardize this tx (for research purposes)
3. Rose colored glasses-perhaps overly pos view of human condition
4. therapy hasnt evolved since 1960's |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic view on self-disclosure |
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Definition
-favors neutrality and discourages therapist SD
-therapists should present themselves as blank screen upon which clients project their thoughts/feelings; essential for uncovering, interpreting, and resolving client transference |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavioral view of self-disclosure |
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Definition
SC can be used to MODEL coping strategies and problem solving techniques
-judicious SD expressly encouraged in DBT |
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Term
| Person-centered view on self-disclosure |
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Definition
strongly favors
-illustrates genuineness and pos regard for clients, which are vital to promoting client's openness, intimacy, trust, & change
-enables therapist to be rolemodel
-equalizes power in therapeutic relationship |
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Term
| self-disclosure guiding principles |
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Definition
1. SD should always be made in service of client's benefit
-don't SD when it would shift focus from client to therapist or blur boundaries
2. be mindful of content of disclosures
-disclose professional info, NOT religion, birthday, orientation, or politics
3. return focus to client after therapist SD |
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Term
| 3 common myths about relationships |
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Definition
1. Affairs cause most divorce
reality: 44% cite severe FIGHTING as cause of divorce (20% is affairs)
2. Monogamy is for women
reality: men benefit from marriage more than women
3. Conflicts ruin marriage
reality: conflict is unavoidable in any marriage; relationships grow through resolving problems |
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Term
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Definition
| 30 years of studying couples by examining what's dysfunctional/functional in marriages that are working |
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Term
Do most separations end in divorce?
How many 1st marriages end in divorce?
Does divorce rate go down with more education? |
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Definition
-Yes. 75% separation ends in divorce
-50% of 1st marriages in US end in divorce
-Yes. Non-HS grad has 60% divorce rate; HS grad = 53%; some college=51%; college=36% |
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| Why is preventing divorce important? |
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Definition
-divorce increases the risk of psychopathology, rates of auto accidents, phys illness, suicide, & violence
-divorce increases mortality from disease
-divorce has neg effects on children [depression, withdrawal, poor socialization, health probs, poor academia, poor behavior conduct] |
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Term
| what's an overview of makes marriage work? |
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Definition
1. resolve conflicts productively
2. use "repair mechanisms" during disagreements
3. adhere to magic 5:1 ratio
4. avoid 4 horseman of apocolypse |
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Term
| 3 types of problem solving |
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Definition
| validating, volatile, and conflict avoidant |
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Term
| validating problem solving |
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Definition
| appreciate partner's point of view and value relationship over individual needs. Usually can negotiate compromises |
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Term
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Definition
| argue passionately about anything and everything yet can usually resolve differences; enjoy making up! |
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| conflict avoidant problem solving |
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Definition
| try to ignore problems as long as possible by agreeing to disagree; feel comfortable in a quiet, calm relationship and appreciate mutuality |
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Term
| Repair mechanisms in a relationship: define repair attempts and how they relate to happy vs. distressed couples |
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Definition
1. repair attempts: attempt to end conflict, softening complaint, or soothing one another BY gate keeping (staying on point), peace-making tactics, and editing snappy comebacks
2. stable, happy couples are more successful with repair attempts
3. distressed couples have higher rates of repair attempts and higher rate of their failure |
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Term
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Definition
balance theory of marriage says that ratio of positive to negative experiences should be 5:1
5 stable, listening, affectionate experiences to 1 unstable yucky experience |
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Term
| Why do we use self-help books? |
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Definition
1. Cost vs psychologist fee
2. accessibility (ready at any time)
3. privacy (no need to divulge problems
4. excitement (everyone's doing it/best seller books) |
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Term
| benefits of self help books |
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Definition
potential to reach populations who would have diffic ulty accessing psychotherapy
-potential use as preventative intervention
-97% of psychologists prescribe self-help materials |
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Term
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Definition
1. criticism: attacking other's character vs. specific bx
2. contempt: attacking persons sense of self w/ intention to insult and psychologically abuse partner [WORST bc communicates disgust w/ partner
3.defensiveness: seeing self as victim; (excuses, cross-complaining, yes-butting, whining
4. stone walling: partner withdraws from interaction
-women=criticize, men=stonewall |
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Term
| when couples therapy is contra-indicated |
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Definition
-each therapist should ID their own criteria
-rules of thumb before starting tx: cease on-going affairs, phys abuse, & emo abuse |
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Term
| psychodynamic approach to couples therapy |
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Definition
premise: indivs choose partners who consciously fit into their dynamics from childhood (e.g seek mother figure)
-clarify projections and expectations each partner is placing on the other, which have been carried from childhood experiences |
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Term
| Behavioral marital therapy approach |
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Definition
use of behavioral principles (reinforcement) to couple's interaction
-techniques: problem solving and communication training; contingency contracting ('this for that' assumption--> refuted by research) |
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Term
| emotion-focused approach to couple's therapy |
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Definition
premise: negative affect and destructive interactional styles create marital distress
-change partner's problematic interaction styles and emo responses
-grounded in ATTACHMENT theory: secure attachment to one's partner is necessary to stabilize dyadic r'ship |
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Term
| marital therapy outcome research findings |
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Definition
-couples therapy can be applied to unmarried and same sex couples
-most couples (75%) report improvement in marital satisfaction immediately after tx (could be bc self-selection or effort justification)
-all therapies equally effective regardless of school of therapy
-theres large relapse effect; 30-50% of couples stay improved |
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Term
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Definition
60-70% of couples live together before marriage
-cohabiting tends to last <2 yrs
-odds of couple being together 2 years after birth of a child are 6x greater in marriage than cohabitation |
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Term
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Definition
| -compared daters w/ plans to marry. Those who cohabited w/ plans to marry: older, less educated, more likely to have kids, more sex partners, more likely to have divorced parents & conflict, have favorable attitudes toward divorce and less favorable toward marriage, less religious |
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Term
| what is premarital cohabitation associated with? |
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Definition
-lower marital satisfaction
-poorer perceived & observed communication in marriage
-more marital conflict
-higher rates of domestic violence
-higher rates of infidelity |
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Term
| Are couples who cohabit pre-maritally more likely to divorce? |
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Definition
| Yes, they are 1.26-1.86 times more likely |
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Term
| why are couples more likely to divorce if they cohabitate? (not always religion, education or politics) |
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Definition
1. ppl who choose to cohabit may be less committed
2."sunk costs" or "lock in"
3. r'ship inertia/ sliding into marriage |
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Term
| benefits of pre-marital counseling |
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Definition
it can: 1. slow couples down to foster deliberation
2. send message that marriage matters
3. help couples learn of options if they need help later
4. lower risk for subsequent marital distress/termination in some couples
(helps ID conflict areas!) |
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Term
| Benefits of teletherapy/telepsychology |
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Definition
1. access to therapy despite: disability that interferes w/ travel to & from office
-living in remote location
-weather
-moves, vacation, travel
-time of day
2. access to highly specialized practitioners
3. time-savings (no travel time)
4. lower cost |
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Term
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Definition
in class, we said: loss of nonverbals, tech-glitches, interfere w/ therapeutic alliance, privacy issues, and distractions
There's also less mental status info and legal considerations such as:
-licensure (across state lines?)
-confidentiality
-duties to protect and warn (self-harm, suicidality)
-Some tests cant be e-mailed & no test security |
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Term
| who is teletherapy suited for? |
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Definition
| clients who lack severe symptoms, motivated for change, and have interest in this form of tx |
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Term
| historical review of current RxP movement |
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Definition
1989: US vs. congress directed dept of defense to establish psychopharm project
1991-1997: 10 military psychologists obtained specialized Masters degrees and granted Rx (Guam, 1999; New Mexico, 2002; Louisiana, 2004) |
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Arguments against psychologist RxP
in-class answers= ** |
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Definition
1. incompetence: psychologists don't have bio med training to be able to prescribe meds
2. training logistics nightmare
-most extent programs dont have faculty or resources necessary to provide training
-expansion of grad-level training to include psychopharm would place add'l financial burden on programs
3. Would confuse the public
4. Financial considerations: influence of pharm industry will bias the field by financially influencing research and practice
-Malpractice premiums will increase for both prescribing & non-prescribing psychologists
5. Falling down Slippery slope: might marriage & family therapists be next in line to pursue RxP?
6. turf war for psychiatrist which detracts from efforts to be collegial colleagues (vs. enemies)
7. Sacrificing more than we stand to gain
-psychology of gambling w/ unique expertise in therapy and assessment
**1. incompetence: psychologists don't have bio med training to be able to prescribe meds
2. training logistics nightmare
-most extent programs dont have faculty or resources necessary to provide training
-expansion of grad-level training to include psychopharm would place add'l financial burden on programs
3. Would confuse the public
4. Financial considerations: influence of pharm industry will bias the field by financially influencing research and practice
-Malpractice premiums will increase for both prescribing & non-prescribing psychologists
5. Falling down Slippery slope: might marriage & family therapists be next in line to pursue RxP?
**6. turf war for psychiatrist which detracts from efforts to be collegial colleagues (vs. enemies)
7. Sacrificing more than we stand to gain
**-psychology of gambling w/ unique expertise in therapy and assessment; increased emphasis on meds
-sending negative message that we've lost faith in psychosocial aspects of tx |
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Term
Arguments favoring psychologist RxP
in-class answers= ** |
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Definition
**1. psychologist competence
-several other non-physician health care profs who have prescription authority have demonstrated ability to make appropriate referrals to physician when necessary (dentists, podiatrist)
-psychologists have more training in mental health than general practice physicians who currently write vast majority (70%) of psychotropic meds
2. opportunity for greater parity w/ psychiatry (financial incentives)
**-opportunity to expand psychologists scope of practice & cheaper for client
-RxP may be means by increasing probability that psychologists can obtain reimbursement for med management decisions to which they already contribute
3. opportunities to better treat pts & act in pts best interest
**-psychologists w/ RxP would have knowledge to both taper and discontinue therapy; increased accessibility for pt.
-RxP for psychologists represents authority NOT to prescribe
-w/ advanced psychopharm training, would likely be in better position to discuss risks & benefits of pharm and psychosocial interventions
4. psychologists identity as psychosocially-oriented profession isnt in jeopardy and emphasis on meds doesnt imply abandonment of psychological interventions
5. Change isnt always bad bc 40 yrs ago psychological assessment -->psychotherapy; psychologists w/ RxP wouldnt be much diff than psychologists w/ specialized training |
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Term
| Psychoentertainment credentials and licensure |
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Definition
-Completed course of study and granted degree
-has been permitted to practice |
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Term
| Dr. Laura Schlesinger & Dr. Phil |
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Definition
| misrepresenting expertise. Shouldn't be distributing medical advice |
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Term
| What should self-help book buyers beware of? |
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Definition
1. self-help isnt equally effective for every d/o [successful in anxiety, depression, insomnia; not successful in tx of substance abuse]
2. self help is MOST effective with high motivation & positive attitude toward self-help tx
3. Sometimes books give outdated advice
4. exaggerated claims are common (promise of easy change)...genuine change requires effort
5. failure to benefit from self-help may lead to self-blame or worsening of sx AND reduced belief in efficacy of tx
"false hope syndrome" |
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Term
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Definition
| specific situation which intervention SHOULDN'T be used because may be harmful to pt. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder existing simultaneously w/ and usually independent of another medical condition |
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Term
| contra-indicators for bibliotherapy |
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Definition
-personality d/o
-emotional avoidance
-high levels of interpersonal distress
-co-morbid psychological symptoms (substance abuse/psychosis)
-severe symptoms
-suicidality and homocidality |
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Term
| Factors to consider when using self-help |
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Definition
-degree of literacy/reading comprehension
-self-administered vs psychologist prescribed self-help [reader may not accurately self diagnose
-reading self-help may be lengthy hw assignment if adjunctive to tx
-therapist should be familiar with content of prescribed book and consider whether activities recorded in book are feasible for pt |
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